Intelligence

By 14cocotter

  • Down Syndrome

    John Langdon Down was a British physician who described Down Syndrome, but it wasn't until 1959 that the cause of Down Syndrome was discovered.

  • Savant Syndrome

    John Langdon Down defined savant syndrome, the condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

  • General Intelligence

    Charles Spearman identified general intelligence, which is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

  • First IQ Test

    Alfred Binet created the first IQ test, but, unaware to him, it was extremely biased towards French schoolchildren.

  • IQ

    William Stern proposed the intelligence quotient, which is a person's mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.

  • Social Intelligence

    Edward Thorndike realized that intelligence could be measured in ways other than academic intelligence.

  • Seven Clusters of Primary Mental Abilities

    L. L. Thurstone opposed the general intelligence theory and identified the seven clusters of primary mental abilities: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numericalability, inductive reasoning, and memory.

  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

    David Wechsler invented the most widely used intelligence test, WAIS, and separate tests such as WISC for children.

  • Multiple Intelligences

    Howard Gardner proposed the multiple intelligence theory based around savant syndrome and the fact that people score better on different parts of IQ tests.

  • Triarchic Theory

    Robert J. Sternberg proposes there are three areas of intelligence (analytical, creative, and practical) based on his research with the U.S. College Board.

  • Structural Cognitive Modifiability

    Reuven Feuerstein coined the idea of structural cognitive modifiability, the ability of people whose functioning was low and in certain cases extremely low, in turn became able to modify themselves through cognitive processes, so that they could adapt themselves to the requirements of society.

  • 10-Year Rule

    Anders Ericsson discovered the 10-year rule that is the main proponent of becoming an expert in any field. The 10-year rule states that a person must spend about 10 years of intense, daily practice on an activity to become an expert in it.