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Jan 1, 1050
Disability in the medieval period 1050-1485
medieval periodThere was no state provision for people with disabilities. Most lived and worked in their communities, supported by family and friends. If they couldn't work, their town or village might support them, but sometimes people resorted to begging. They were mainly cared for by monks and nuns who sheltered pilgrims and strangers as their Christian duty.Care for sick and disabled people was based on the Church's teachings. -
Jan 1, 1247
Perceptions prior to 1700 in society
1247: Possibly the world's first psychiatric hospital, St. Mary of Bethlehem, was established in Britain. Patients were customarily chained to walls, and dunked in water or beaten if they misbehaved. The intellectually disabled were misunderstood. -
Jan 1, 1376
Mentally Insuffiecient People are isolated and locked away
In Hamburg, disabled people are housed in "the idiots' cage," a tower in the town wall. This was for those who were feeble minded or considered as imbeciles. -
Jun 22, 1377
First Institutuion in Bedlam, England
Bedlam
Specialising in mental illness
At some point, the monks began to accept patients who had symptoms of mental illness rather than physical disability or disease. There is a claim that the residents of a building called the Stone House at Charing Cross were transferred to the Bethlem in the 1370s. It is certainly true that by 1403, 'lunatic' patients formed the -
Jan 1, 1500
Physically and mentally-disabled people are used for amusement as court jesters. Among intellectuals. epileptics are thought to have prophet-like abilities, gathering information while in a seizures.
jesters
While not all were, the cruel days of the medieval ages saw a few of these paid entertainers that were either deformed or disabled. They could be dwarfs, as the medieval people thought these little people to be very merry and funny. It could also be something more than simply being smaller; it could be an obvious physical deformity, such as a severe facial deformity or limbs that were out of the norm. Th -
Bethlehem hospital in London welcomed the public to come each Sunday and observe the patients, chained and caged, as entertainment. Admissions fees helped pay for hospital upkeep.
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Johann Jacob Guggenbuhl established the first acknowledged residential facility for the mentally retarded in in Abendberg, Switzerland
His original intent was to prevent and cure cretinism in children and adolescents. His program included fresh air from the mountains, balanced nutrition, cleansing of the body with baths, massage, exercise, and medication. Initially, he was viewed as a pioneer for his ideas, but as his fame spread, so did his neglect for the facility. Abendberg closed, but Guggenbuhl’s ideas reached the United States and many European countries. -
Dorothea Dix lobbies and advocates for those with cognitive disabilities
Dorothea DixDix’s advocacy was particularly notable given that the mainstream cultural ideology of the era dictated that woman’s sphere was the private world of home and family. Dix’s efforts to improve care for people with mental disabilities resulted in a number of legislative victories at the state level, but despite years of lobbying in Washington, D.C., she ultimately failed to obtain federal funding for asylums. -
Physiological and Moral Education evolves due to Edouard Seguin
Incorporated a general training program that integrated muscular, imitative, nervous, and reflective physiological functions. Many techniques Seguin used in his programs, such as individualized instruction and behavior management, can be found in current practice. He studied under Itard and officially emigrated to the United States in 1848. He became a major reference work for educating individuals with retardation in the latter part of the 19th Century. -
Hervey Wilbur brings schools for dsiabilities to New York
Hervey Wilbur A private school similar to Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe's was started in New York under the direction of Hervey B. Wilbur. Soon, a number of boarding schools for children with disabilities opened on the East Coast. These schools, which admitted persons with relatively mild intellectual disabilities, were small and intimate, close to the homes of the children, to prepare students for participating in the community as they reached adulthood. -
In British asylums, "educable" patients received special training. Other patients were confined to workhouses.
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First mental test developed by Binet and Simon in France
simon binetThe original purpose was to identify students who might benefit from specialized educational services. The test was translated into English by H. H. Goddard and was refined by Lewis Terman as the Stanford-Binet.The army used the mental test to determine the best use of personnel. Many soldiers were identified as having mental retardation.The test allowed identification of people with mild intellectual disability for the 1st time and fed hysteria that mental retardation was a widespread panic. -
The Influence of The Kallikak Family and Eugenics Movement
KallikakFive-generation pedigree study conducted by H.H. Goddard, and published in 1912 where the central theme was that “feeblemindedness” was inherited and fueled the movement to control the menace of feeblemindedness genetically. This led to the enactment of sterilization laws in 26 states during the early 1900s -
Henry H Goddard and his Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness and Eugenics also introduces the word "moron" into society
Goddard A prominent American psychologist and eugenicist in the early 20th century. He is known especially for his 1912 work The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness, which he himself came to regard as deeply flawed, and for being the first to translate the Binet intelligence test into English in 1908 and distributing an estimated 22,000 copies of the translated test across the United States. He also introduced the term "moron" into the field. -
The Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1920) provided employment training for people with all types of disability
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International Council for the Education of Exceptional Children was established in 1922
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Compulsory Sterilzation for the feeble minded and Buck Vs. Bell via the US Supreme Courts
Buck
The effect of Buck v. Bell was to legitimize eugenic sterilization laws in the United States as a whole. While many states already had sterilization laws on their books, their use was erratic and effects practically non-existent in every state except for California. After Buck v. Bell, dozens of states added new sterilization statutes, or updated their constitutionally non-functional ones already enacted, with statutes which more clo -
Edgar Doll defines Mental Retardation and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale
Edgar DollHis pioneering definition included six elements that he considered essential to the concept of mental retardation:
(1) Social incompetence, (2) due to mental subnormality, (3) which has been developmentally arrested, (4) which obtains at maturity, (5) is of constitutional origin, and (6) is essentially incurable, The first four of these elements have continued to be overtly central to the prevailing conceptualization of mental retardation. -
The Association for Retarded Citizens Develops (The ARC)
The ARC
Over the last 60 years, The Arc has grown and adapted to the changes that people with disabilities face across their life span. Through the decades, The Arc has seen several name changes, advocated for the passage of state and federal legislation on behalf of people with disabilities and established a broad network of state and local chapters that range from small voluntary groups to large, professional organizations. -
The Cooperative Research Act (1954) provided money for research that would focus on intellectual disability.
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Brown V. Board of Eduction Law relates to those with intellectual disabilities
Brown V. Board of EductionThe Supreme Court decision in the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) desegregation case also affected thinking and policymaking for individuals with intellectual disability. In the 1954 landmark school desegregation case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (347 U.S. 483), the U.S. Supreme Court determined that it was unlawful to discriminate against a group of individuals for arbitrary reasons. The Court determined that education was characterized as a fundamental function of government tha -
President Kennedy Joint Commission on Mental Health and Health
Joint Commission on Mental Health and Health was authorised to investigate problems related to the mentally ill. President John F. Kennedy had a special interest in the issue of mental health because his sister, Rosemary, had been lobotomised at the age of 23 at the request of her father. Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy appointed a special President's Panel of Mental Retardation.The panel included professionals and leaders of the organization. -
PL 85-926 (1958) offered incentives to encourage the preparation of special education teachers
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AAMR Definition of 1959 of Heber
In 1959 the AAMR, at that time called the American Association on Mental
Deficiency, published a definition of mental retardation that read as follows: Mental retardation refers to subaverage general intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in
adaptive behavior. Heber (1959) introduced levels of CIDs based on IQ; 85 was cutoff for “borderline mental retardation”; introduced requirement of adaptive behavior deficit. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was signed into law in 1965 by President Lyndon Baines Johnson, who believed that "full educational opportunity" should be "our first national goal."
http://www.ed.gov/esea
ESEA offered new grants to districts serving low-income students, federal grants for text and library books, it created special education centers, and created scholarships for low-income college students. Additionally, the law provided federal grants to state educational agencies to improve the quality of elementary and secondary education. -
Deinstitutionalization Trends in History! Institutions begin closing for serving those with INtellectual Disabilities
DeinstitutionalizationIn the 1970's, institutions began closing and releasing the people due to the horrible living conditions. The civil rights movement for people with disabilities, initiated by three factors:A socio-political movement for community mental health services and open hospitals;The advent of psychotropic drugs able to manage psychotic episodes;Financial imperatives in the US shifting costs from state to federal $ -
PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act
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Changing Identification with Intellectual Performance
People with MR are classified into different levels based on their IQ scores.
Mild ~ 50-70 IQ
Moderate ~ 35-50 IQ
Severe ~ 20 - 35 IQ
Profound ~ below 20 IQ
In the past, schools would label children with MR as either "educable metally retarded" or "trainable mentally retarded" (Heward, 2009. pg. 133). Children who were labeled in the servere or profound MR capabilities were not educated in the public school system. (Heward, 2009. pg. 133). -
Social Security Disability Benefits Reform Act of 1984
Social Security Disability Benefits Reform Act of 1984Maintaining the government's commitment to treat disabled American citizens fairly and humanely while fulfilling our obligation to the Congress and the American taxpayers to administer the disability program effectively.” -
The 1992 Revision of the AAMR Definition
Mental retardation refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. It ischaracterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skill areas: communication, self-care, home living, social skills, community use, self-direction, health and safety, functional academics, leisure, and work. -
No Child Left Behind
In2002, with bipartisan support, Congress reauthorized ESEA and President George W. Bush signed the law, giving it a new name: No Child Left Behind (NCLB). While NCLB put in place measures that exposed achievement gaps among traditionally underserved and vulnerable students and their peers, and started an important national dialogue on educational improvement, the law is long overdue for reauthorization. -
2010 Federal Definition of Intellectual Disabilities is published
…means significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently [at the same time] with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. Until October 2010, the law used the term “mental retardation.” In October 2010, Rosa’s Law was signed into law by President Obama. -
Rosa's Law is Signed by President Barack Obama further defining Intellectual Disabilities
Rosa's Law
Rosa's Law (Pub. L. 111-256) is a United States law which replaces several instances of "mental retardation" in law with "intellectual disability". The law is named for Rosa Marcellino, a girl with Down Syndrome who was nine years old when it became law, and who, according to President Barack Obama, "worked with her parents and her siblings to have the words 'mentally retarded' officially removed. -
Re Authorization of NCLB
NCLBIn 2012, the Obama administration began offering flexibility to states regarding specific requirements of NCLB in exchange for rigorous and comprehensive state-developed plans designed to close achievement gaps, increase equity, improve the quality of instruction, and increase outcomes for all students. Thus far 42 states, DC and Puerto Rico have received flexibility from NCLB. -
Thirtysixth Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Parts B and C. 2014
