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Andragogy coined as a term
A German educator named Alexander Kapp uses the term "andragogy". In the book entitled, "Platon‟s Erziehungslehre‟ (Plato‟s Educational Ideas) he describes the lifelong necessity to learn.
[Link]http://www.umsl.edu/~henschkej/articles/added-02-10/2.pdf -
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Andragogy
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Eduard Lindeman Brings the theory to the USA
He was the first to bring the concept to America. Lindeman presented an interesting piece on the method for teaching adults. Basically he asserted, in his first use of the word andragogy, that the method for teaching adults is discussion, which is different from the teaching of children. Moreover, in his classic book The Meaning of Adult Education, he extensively explores, describes and explains the discussion method.
https://goo.gl/pMXMfh -
Heinrich Hanselmann Pubilshes Andragogy
Swiss psychiatrist, Heinrich Hanselmann, publishes a book titled, "Andragogy: Nature, Possiblities and Boundaries of Adult Education.
https://goo.gl/CfI9pI -
Malcolm Shepherd Knowles first publishes about andragogy
Knowles presented his first published iteration of andragogy as being a major technological breakthrough in the field of adult education.
https://goo.gl/zPEmj7 -
J.D. Ingalls applies andragogy to corporate settings
Ingalls added the idea of using andragogy to a corporate setting, He identified nine dimensions.
1. Creating a social climate of respect
2. Treating mistakes as opportunities
3. Help discover what they need to learn
4. Extract learning from work experiences
5. Take responsibility for designing own learning experiences
6. Self-appraisal and personal planning
7. Encouraging innovation
8. Be aware of readiness-to-learn issues
9. Joint problem-solving strategy
https://goo.gl/TJvSHf -
Knowles 4 assumptions
Knowles makes 4 assumptions about the characteristics of adult learning vs assumptions of childhood learners
Self-concept
Adult experiences
Readiness to learn
Orientation to learning
https://goo.gl/zPEmj7 -
Knowles adds 5th Assumption
A 5th assumption is added by Knowles.
Motivation to Learn
As a person matures, the motivation to learn is internal.
https://goo.gl/zPEmj7 -
David Kolb - Experiential Learning
According to David Kolb’s theory of “experiential learning,” people learn in a cycle consisting of four stages: concrete experience, observation and reflection, forming abstract concepts, and testing in new situations.
http://www.simplypsychology.org/learning-kolb.html -
Knowles Publishes new edition of the Adult Learner
Knowles came out with the fourth edition of The Adult Learner book. In it he added the sixth assumption that adults need to know a reason that makes sense to them as to why they should learn some particular thing.
https://goo.gl/pMXMfh -
D. D. Billington's Research to Investigate Andragogy’s Value
Billington found that with sixty men and women from ages 37 to 48, there were a number of key factors relating to andragogy that helped them grow. A class environment of respect; acknowledgment of life achievements; encouraging intellectual freedom, self-directed learning, and creativity; learner treated as an intelligent adult; intellectual challenging class; promoting interaction with instructor and students; and, regular feedback from instructor.
https://goo.gl/8IqDlX
