-
Period: to
Behavioral Learning Theory (Late 1800's-Mid 1970's)
Behavioral Learning Theory: With roots in the study behavioral psychology, behavioral learning theory came to fruition with the work of B.F. Skinner studying behavior in response to stimuli, this concept influencing the early development of instructional feedback. -
First radio signal transmitted across water
Guglielmo Marconi sent the world's first radio message across open water. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-61327062 -
St. Louis School Museum Opens
The use of media for instructional purposes can be traced to the early 1900's in the US, during this time school museums "served as the central administrative unit[s] for visual instruction by their distribution of portable museum exhibits, stereographs, slides, films, study prints, charts, and other instructional materials." Reiser
St. Louis Magazine -
Period: to
Early 1900s- Mid 1920's Visual Instructional Movement
The visual instructional movement used film, slides, and pictures in the classroom as a way to enrich instruction. This evolved as advances in media continued to occur, expanding visual media into audiovisual instruction. (Reiser) -
"Our school systems will be completely change in the next ten years."
"It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. Our school systems will be completely change in the next ten years." Although the visual instruction movement did grow over next ten years, the overall impact on the school systems was limited. (Reiser) Quote by Thomas Edison -
-
Founding of AECT
The Association for Educational Communications and Technology was founded in 1923 under the name Department of Visual Instructions (DVI); to this day this organization "maintains a leadership role in the field of instructional design and technology." (Reiser) -
Period: to
Audiovisual Instruction Movement
Late 1920's to Late 1930s -
The Jazz Singer
American musical film, released in 1927, that was the first feature-length movie with synchronized dialogue.
Britannica With the successful synchronization of dialogue to motion pictures, the audiovisual instruction movement truly emerge. -
Period: to
Schema Theory (1930's-1970s)
Schema Theory: In the 1930s, Bartlett proposed the spatial storage theory of long-term memory packaged in what he described as "schemas". In the 1970s, Anderson further expanded on schema theory.
[Arizona State](Universityhttps://teachonline.asu.edu/2018/07/instructional-design-models-theories-schema-theory/#:~:text=The%20schema%20theory%20was%20one,the%20%2770s%20by%20Richard%20Anderson.) -
The publication of "Visualizing the Curriculum"
One of the most important books that was publish during the audiovisual instruction movement was "Visualizing the Curriculum" by Charles F. Hoban Sr. and Charles F. Hoban Jr., and Stanley B. Zissman.
They argued that the "value of audiovisual material was a function of degree of realism" and they presented "a hierarchy of media." (Reiser) -
Period: to
World War II
YouTube
During WWII, the U.S. use audiovisual technology to trained the military; over 400 training films and more than 600 filmstrips were made. The German Chief of General Staff concluded that the U.S.' successes in WWII was in part because of how quickly and effectively the military was able to train its soldiers. (Reiser) -
Computer Assisted Instruction Comes to Fruition
woulibrary.wou.edu.my/ CAl (Computer-Assisted Instruction) was developed, these tools using a computer to instruct or remediate. These tools illustrate a concept, allowing users to interact and problem solve at their own pace. CAI provides feedback which the user can use to self-correct and reassess themselves. -
FCC sets aside 242 television channels
FCC sets aside 242 television channels for educational programing. "The teaching role has been ascribed to public broadcasting since its origins... educational broadcasting was seen as quick, efficient, inexpensive means of satisfying the nation's instructional needs." -- Hazel (1980) -
B.F Skinner's Teaching Machine
Psychologist BF Skinner, influenced by behaviorism, utilized "teaching machine" which made use of auditory material which could repeat information to allow users to learn through reinforcing--listening to passages on spelling and arithmetic to identify errors and self-correct.
(wou.edu.my) -
Period: to
Cognitive Information Processing Theory (1960s, 1970s)
Cognitive Information Processing Theory: The rise of computing after World War 2 led to frameworks for understanding the connection between stimuli and behavioral output, Atkinson and Shriffin (1968) studying sensory, short and long-term memory systems in users providing the basis for their Information Processing Theory. (Reiser) -
Period: to
Defining the field of Instructional Design and Technology
The name and the definition of what instructional design and technology is has changed throughout its inception; early definitions of the field can be traced back to the early 20th century when media—in particular film, slides, and pictures—were beginning to be readily used in the classroom as a way to enrich instruction. This evolved as advances in media continued to occur, expanding visual media into audiovisual instruction. (Summary Chapter 1 M.Wegmann) (Reiser) -
Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction
Robert Mager's book describes how to write objectives that include desired behavior outcomes. (Reiser) -
Vocational Education Act of 1963
"The Vocational Education Act of 1963 provided grants to states to maintain, improve, and develop vocational-technical education programs." (Texas State Historical Association) -
The 1963 Definition
The definition of the field evolved once again- it now focused on the "the design and use of message which control the learning process".
The Department of Audiovisual Instruction also added a statement that identified a series of steps when designing and using messages, emphasizing learning rather than instruction. (Reiser) -
The Conditions of Learning
The Conditions of Learning by Robert Gagne, describes five domains of learning outcomes, as well as the nine events of instruction that he considered to be essential. His work has had a significant impact on the field. (Reiser) -
The 1970 Definition
The 1970 definition produced by the Commission on Instructional Technology states “instructional technology is more than the sum of its parts. It is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the whole process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives”. An important element that was also introduced was the importance of making learning more effective as a main objective of instructional technology. (Ch 1 Summary) (Reiser) -
Constructivism (1970s)
Constructivism: Piaget proposed that humans acquire knowledge through engaging new ideas and having experiences--seen as radical due to placing the learner at the center of knowledge creation and acquisition.https://edtechbooks.org/ -
Period: to
Human Performance Improvement (1970's To Present)
Drawing on Human Performance Technology (developed by BF Skinner student Thomas Gilbert in the 1970s), HPI as a movement is focused on "value accomplishment through people". Through analyzing performance gaps and developing appropriate interventions along with long-term monitoring of performance changes, HPI measures its success through improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness. edtechbooks.org, (Ch.14) -
ADDIE Model
[Pennstate](University]https://psu.pb.unizin.org/idhandbook/chapter/addie/#:~:text=The%20ADDIE%20model%20was%20created,effective%20training%20and%20instructional%20materials.) "The ADDIE model was created by Florida State University for the military in the 1970s. The name of the model is an acronym for the 5 stages of design: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation and was meant as a guideline to create effective training and instructional materials." -
The 1977 Definition
The 1977 (adopted by the AECT) definition added emphasis to the “analysis phase of the planning process” and also incorporated terminology that would be widely used. (Chapter 1 Summary) Reiser -
Period: to
1980s Theory of Instruction
Gagne's instructional theories are broadly based upon cognitive information processing theory and his own classroom instructor/student observations. His theory defines categories of learning as well as events which occur in the instructional process. (Chapter 6 Driscoll) -
Use of computers in elementary schools in the U.S.
Computers are being used for instruction in more than 40 percent of elementary schools and 75 percent of secondary schools in the United States according to the Center fro Social Organization of Schools. (Reiser) -
Cognitive Load Theory
John Sweller proposed this theory for information processing, this model describing further the sensory, short and long-term memory banks and how information is stored or forgotten.
Medical College of Wisconsin -
Situated Learning Theory
Situated Learning Theory: proposes that learning is situated in interactions between learnings, the learners reaching proficiency through group practice and learning from one another; this is recognized as an important touchstone of information processing theory.
opentext.wsu.edu/ -
-
1994 Definition- Beyond the Process
Reiser writes "the 1994 statement describes the field in terms of theory and practice, emphasizing the notion that the field of instructional design is not only an area of practice but also and area of research and study". -
The 2008 Definition
The AECT presented a new definition that states "educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating leaning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources." (Reiser) -
The Apple iPad is launched
Since the launch of the iPad 2010, numerous tablets have also been launched and have become an important classroom tool.
Wired -
Mobiles Apps: How they've change education in the classroom
-
Effects of the Covid 19 Pandemic on Education
