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Leaving the Prairie
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Wounded Knee Massacre
Americans opened fire on over 200 unarmed Lakota Indians. -
Indian Education
A Congressional Act authorized the Commissioner of Indian Affairs "to make and enforce by proper means" rules and regulations to ensure that Indian children attended schools designed and administered by non-Indians. -
Early 1890s- buffalo count
Less than 2,000 buffalo remained from 20 million buffalo. -
Carlisle Indian School flourishes
Founder of the Carlisle Indian Boarding School in Pennsylvania: Richard Pratt thought "A great general has said that the only good Indian is a dead one. In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead. Kill the Indian in him and save the man." -
Indian Education
This Congressional Act made school attendance for Indian children compulsory and authorized the BIA to withhold rations and government annuities to parents who did not send their children to school. -
Jan-August: Alcatraz
Chief Lomahongyoma and eighteen other Hopi Indians were placed in Alcatraz for their resistance to government attempts to erase the Hopi culture. The nineteen Hopi were jailed for their resistance to farm on individual plots away from the mesas and for refusing to send their children to government boarding schools. -
Curtis Act
Congressional Act that ended the tribal governments practice of refusing allotments and mandated the allotment of tribal lands in Indian Territory (including the lands of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole nations) -
The School Days of an Indian Girl
Zitkala-sa is published in the Atlantic Monthly with experiences with assimiliationism. -
Age of Assimilation
By 1902 there were 25 federally funded non-reservation schools in 15 states and territories, with a total enrollment of over 6,000 students. Federal legislation required Native American children to be educated. -
Lone Wolf vs Hitchcock
The Kiowa sued the Secretary of the Interior to stop the transfer of their lands without consent of tribal members (violated the promises made in the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge.) The Court ruled that the trust relationship served as a source of power for Congress to take action on tribal land held under the terms of a treaty. Congress had absolute power over tribal relations.
