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The National Association for Retarded Citizens
<a href='http://www.thearc.org/page.aspx?pid=2342'
The ARC is an advocacy group formed by parents, of disabled children and other individuals who believe that those with disabilities should receive FAPE in the LRE. Without the ARC, the landmark case of Brown v Board of education, and Parc v Pennsylvania, we would most likely not have IDEA, IEP's, and special education programs for children with disabilities. -
Brown vs The Board of Education
brown vs boardBrown vs the Board of education was actually several cases lumped into one, and outlawed all segregaton in all public education. Even though the decision was made in 1954, it took years for it to be enforced. While the case did not directly involve students with disablilities, it opened the door and set the stage for Title 1. It opened the door to an education for students who had characteristics, physical or intellectual, that were out of their control, and unchangeable. -
Public Law 89-313
State operated and Supported Schools for the Handicapped
Origanlly passed as an amendment to title 1 of the ESEA, it was the first program to provide funding for children with disabilities. Even though it supported state-run institutions and schools for children with disabilities, it was a step in the right direction. -
President Nixon sign section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Section 504 Section 504 of the americans with disabilities act was signed into law. This civil law prohibitied discrimination against those with disabilities from public schools. This is important to special education because it means that the public schools could no longer deny a student because of a disability. -
President Ford signs PL 94-142
Ford signs pl 94-142On November 29th, 1975, President Ford signed public law 94-142, The Education for all Handicapped Children Act. This was preceeded by two landmark cases( PARC v Pennsylvania, and Mills v Board of Education of the District of Columbia) brought about by advocacy groups for mentally disabled children in which schools were sued for "illegally excluding" children with disablilities from the public schools. This law is now known as Individual with Disabilities Education Act. -
Least Restrictive Environment
Part of PL 94-142(IDEA), least restrictive environment requires that students with disabilities be afforded the opprotunity to receive an education along side children without disabilities, to the maximum extent possible. While not technically a law, the regulations of LRE have held the same effect as if it were. Sometimes however, the parents of a disabled child and the school disagree on what the LRE for a student is. For example, Daniel R.R v State Board of education.(1998) -
The Rowley two part test
<a href='http://www.wrightslaw.com/law/caselaw/ussupct.rowley.htm' > The case of the board of education of Hendrick Hudson School Distric v Rowley made the decision that schools were not mandated to provide "maximum educationl services" to a disabled student. This decision lead to the rowley two part test now being used to decide if FAPE is being met for students with disabilities. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
The three sections of this act that directly impact special education are Title 1(employment), title 2(public services) and title 3(public accomodations). Basically these three titles state that an individual cannot be denied the right to a job, public transportation, access to public schools, or public accomodations because of a disability. -
No Child Left Behind
No Child Left Behind signed into law
This law was signed by President Bush, and was a reauthorization fo the ESEA. It's main goal is meant to "level the playing field" in education and changed the role of federal government in education. It is meant to hold the schools accountable and to meet yearly standards. It also ensures highly qualified teachers, meaning not just anyone can teach our children. -
IDEA 2004 Ammendments
In 2004, ammendements were made to IDEA that meshed together pieces of historical legislation and NCLB with a soul focus on the special needs of children. The ammendments allow for students with disabilities being able to take alternate assessments, and made exceptions for those with significant cognitive disabilities.
