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Cities grow 1820-1860 (Intro)
Cities grew extremely because of the new manufacturing industries in the U.S. People from rural areas and immigrants from Europe flooded America. About 3.1 million immigrants arrived to the U.S. -
First Kindergarten
A German educator named Friedrick Wilhelm Froebel is the father of Kindergarten. It was founded by his wife Margarethe Schurz. He wanted this school to be a garden where children unfold as natuarlly as flowers. -
Chicago's Hull House 1800s
It was founded by Jane Addmas and Ellen Gates Starr, and it was one of the city's main immigrant receiving areas. The house grew to thirteen buildings which attracted thousands of people providing them with educational programs. The organization was an aid for immigrant children. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated public facilities were legal as long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. The Jim Crow laws excluded African Americans from the same school, buses, and other facilities as whites. -
Schooling for Immigrants
Educational policies for immigrants during the early 1900s were ones of neglect.
1) Students were put in a English-only classes without any adjustments.
2) They were placed in 1st grade classrooms despite their age.
3) Children were also placed in special education classes due to the intelligence testing in English. -
Educational Policies Argumentation
1) Educators in New York and other larger cities believed that special classes were needed for immigrant children who did not speak English.
2) William Maxwell from the New York Board of Education said, "It is absurd to place the boy or girl, 10 or 12 years of age, just landed from Italy, who cannot read a word in his own language or speak a word of English, in the same classroom with American boys and girls five or six years old." -
Meyer v. Nebraska
This was a Nebraska law that forbid teachers from teaching children any other language other than English to students who have not passed the eighth grade. -
Lemon Grove Incident
It was the first successful school desegregation court case in the U.S. The local court forbid the school district from putting Mexican-American students in a "caballeriza" which was a barn away from the whites in the "Mexican side of town." -
Brown v. Board of Education
Oliver Brown filed a lawsuit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas when his daughter was denied entrance into an all-white elementary schools. It reverses the Plessy v. Ferguson that separate is not equal. These were the first steps to a long unfinished journey toward equality in education. -
Coral Way Elementary School
After the Cuban Revolution, children from Cuba started their trip to Miami in large numbers. The Coral Way Elementary School became the first bilingual and bicultural public school in the U.S. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5gkQ4_aAeY -
Equal Educational Opportunities Act
This act prohibited discrimination. It required schools to take further action to conquer barriers that prevent equal protection. It was most importantly defending the students with limited English proficiency. -
Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act
The act authorizes extra federal assistance to community colleges controlled by American Indians on their reservations. It gives a stable funding for postsecondary education on reservations as well as more education opportunities for them near their families and tribes. -
Plyler v. Doe
This was a decision by the Supreme Court that states cannot constitutionally deny students a free public education on account of their immigration status. -
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Dream Act
Many versions have been introduced since 2001 providing a pathway to legal status to undocumented youth who came to the U.S. as children. The most recent version was introduced July of 2017. It allowed current, former, and future undocumented high-school graduates and GED recipients a way to U.S. citzenship through college, work, and armed services. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akgT2NDpjXQ
