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Renee Descartes publishes "Discourse on Method," where he argues for the use of deductive reasoning. Much of our present day math courses are contingent upon Renee Descartes formulation of reason in this work. This is also where the famous quote "I think therefore I am" comes from.
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The Enlightenment was a cultural movement of intellectuals in Europe emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.
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Isaac Newton publishes "Principa Mathematica," where Newton puts forward his laws of motion and other groundbreaking scientific laws that we use today.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau publishes "On the Origin of Inequality," where he argues that man was perfectly equal and virtuous in a state of nature, without private property. He furthers that private property necessarily corrupts man and causes inequality.
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Baron De Montesquieu publishes "The Spirit of the Laws," where he argues for the seperation of powers. He theorizes that, in order to have a good government, there needed to be seperate, equal in power, branches.
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Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire) publises "Candide; Or the Optimist," employs satire in order to criticizes religion, theologians, governments, armies, philosophies, and philosophers ; most conspicuously, he assaults Leibniz and his optimism.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau publishes "Of the Social Contract," where he argues that the purpose of government is to free people from oppression and inequality. He furthered that in order to do this, the government necessarily needed absolute power.
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King Louis XVI was terrible with finances and needed money to support his war efforts. So, he called the Estates General to put to vote whether he could tax the first and second estate. Although the third estate outnumbered the first and second estate combined, the then French Political system counted votes according to estate, not majority. This lead to political tensions that would spark the French Revolution.
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Being upset with the decision at the Estates General, the Representatives of the Third Estate have their own idea - They want a whole new government for France - Declare themselves the National Assembly - Want representatives of all the estates to meet together and discuss all problems in france.
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The National Assembly meets on the Tennis Court and the make the Tennis Court Oath, which stated “We wonʼt leave until we write a new constitution for France!”
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The Common People of Paris - working class/sans culotes - attack the Bastille - kill the soldiers guarding it and take the weapons to defend the National Assembly against the Kings
army. The French Revolution has begun. -
The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that marked the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism.
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The National Assembly votes to end all Feudal privileges, abolish the nobility, and make the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
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Women of Paris Mob march to Versailles to demand lower prices for bread - invade Versailles - bring King and Queen back to Paris
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King tries to flee to Austria in order to avoid signing the new constitution, and to get Austrian support to overthrow the revolution. He is caught, and forced to sign the constitution.
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Constitution of 1791 is finished: France becomes a constitutional monarchy Legislative Assembly is created wealthy men can vote.
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France Declares war on Austria and Prussia. Marie Antonette's brother is the emperor of Austria. France declares in a preemptive strike; thinking that Austria was plotting against them.
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With the French losing the war, the people search for someone to blame. The King is put on trial and found guilty for Treason, shipping plans and plotting a revolution with the Austrians.
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King Louis XVI is executed for the charge of Treason.
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All of the Countries of Europe join Austria and Prussia to oppose France in the war of the first coalition. France now has to form a government. All men can vote and the government is becoming more radical.
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National convention works on a new constitution, a small group of Jacobins rule the country,Committee of Public Safety led by Robespierre create the Reign of Virtue and Terror
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With the collapse of the Jacobin rule, The Directory takes control forming a new, more conservative government with the sole goal of ending the chaos in France.
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Napoleon takes power away from the Directory by successfully staging a Coup.
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Napoleon crowns himself the emperor of France.
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After a long hard war against much of Europe, Napoleon is forced into exile on the island of Elba.
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The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries, but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other off and remain at peace.
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Napoleon escapes Elba and returns to France to try and regain control over the French Army and government.
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Napoleon is defeated, for the final time, at the battle of Waterloo, by British and Prussian forces. He is forced into exile once more where he dies a quiet death.
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Holland and Belgium are forced together as a result of the Congress of Vienna In France, Louis XVIII dies in 1824 and is replaced by an arch-conservative Monarchist Comte D' Artois. The Duke of Orleans Louis Phillipe is made Constitutional King of France.
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Bismarck: "Germany will not be unified by parliament and speeches but will only be unified with blood and iron"
Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik argues that you should not Romanize politics, you should simply peruse the interests of the states -
Defeat of liberals (1862-1865)
kulturKampf (Culture war) against Catholics and its center party in 1865-1975
Going after their source of income
Officials
Welfare state and attack on social democratic (socialism)- 1875-1880 -
Wilhelm the first is a traditional Russian king (military king) and replaces his crazy brother
His main concern is that the military budget is being attacked by the liberals in parliament and so he chooses someone to manage the budget
Chooses Bismarck 1862
Not a nationalist because he is from Prussia
Bismarck says to the liberals that he will only unify Germany if the parliament doesn’t get in their way. -
Unification (1865-1870)
Drei/kaiser/bund
The three emperors' alliance
an alliance between Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary, from 1873 to 1887 (defensive treaty)
Triple alliance
1879 (Italy, Austro-Hungary and Germany)
Anglo-German Agreement
Germany would never challenge British naval supremacy or colonial empire (1870-1890)
Re-Affirmation (reassurance) drei-KaiserBund-1883-After Crisis in Balkans 1877 -
Bicameral-Federal
Upper house (basically controlled by the princes and is a hereditary nobility. Conservative)
Bundesrat- Federal council
61
Prussia-17 (this creates a Prussian imposition in Germany)
Bauaria-6
Hesse-4
Saxony-4
Lower house
Reichstag
397 Reps
Universal manhood suffrage-all men 25 and above
Executive Kaiser Wilhelm I -
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Bosnia by Serbian Nationalist sparks World War I.
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After Germany's invasion of Belgium, the United Kingdom declares war on Germany.
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Austria declares war on Russia and Serbia declares war on Germany.
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The Bolsheviks, a revolutionary party in Russia, successfully overthrow the Russian Government and take control.
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Germany signs the armistice at Compiegne, France. Fighting ends on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month (i.e. 11 a.m. on November 11).
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The Treaty of Versailles officially ends World War I. Treaty with Germany Georges Clemenceau- "The Tiger" France
Objective weakening Germany so that it could never threaten France again
David Lloyd George- British
Left Liberal leading coalition British government trying to hold on to power- protection of British interests
Woodrow Wilson- United states
Messianic foreign policy supports the "League of Nations", support for democracy/Self Determination of people -
The Bolshevik forces defeat the last of the White forces in Siberia, reigning victorious and winning the Russian Civil War.
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Fascist leader Benito Mussolini is appointed prime minister of Italy by king Victor Emmanuel III after the March on Rome.
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Then leader of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin, dies. Joseph Stalin begins to purge any rivals standing in his way to grab hold of the reigns of power in Russia.
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Adolf Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in jail for his participation in the Beer Hall Putsch (he serves only 9 months).
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Fascists win elections in Italy with a 2/3 majority.
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Adolf Hitler's autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf is published.
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Emperor Taishō dies and his son Hirohito becomes the Emperor of Japan.
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Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin with undisputed control of the Soviet Union.
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The United Kingdom, United States, France, Italy and Japan sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting naval shipbuilding.
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Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg.
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Germany's first concentration camp, Dachau, is completed.
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Germans are told to boycott Jewish shops and businesses.
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Upon the death of President Paul von Hindenburg, Adolf Hitler makes himself Führer of Germany, becoming Head of State as well as Chancellor.
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Germany, as planned, invades Poland and sparks WWII.