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Hurricane Galveston submerged and nearly eradicated Galveston, Texas, killing over 8,000 people.
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Larger scale synoptic flow is discovered in hurricanes.
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Fujiwara details the "Fujiwara Effect", which is the interaction of two tropical hurricanes.
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The Weather Bureau remodels its hurricane warning service, and distributes responsibilities between Jacksonville, New Orleans, San Juan, and Washington, DC, and Boston.
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Deppermann releases "Some Characteristics of Philippine Typhoons" which explains a theoretical model of tropical cyclones.
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Major Robert Shafer and Herbert Riehl find that large vertical wind shear harms tropical cyclone formation and development.
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Atlantic hurricanes are seeded by Navy planes and conduct a detailed examination of the wind circulation in the upper level of the core of a hurricane.
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Eric Palmen demonstrates that temperatures of at least 26 degrees Celcius are required for hurricane formation. He also attempts to illustrate the vertical structure of a hurricane.
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Simpson operates an aircraft into Typhoon Marge and measures the temperature and pressure of the hurricane's core.
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Navy discovers the possibility of detecting tropical depressions, one of the signs of an impeding hurricane, from outer space.
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Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit is created by the US Weather Bureau, Navy, and Air Force in order to forecast the weather using advanced computers.
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William Haggard and Riehl create the first statistical hurricane track forecast techniques.
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Juliam Adem details the "beta effect" on hurricane motion.
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The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is established in order to forcast hurricanes.
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An Experimental Weather Satellite named TIROS I is launched to help detect hurricanes.
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Banner Miller and Dunn compose "Atlantic Hurricanes", the most advanced summary of hurricane science at the time.
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The Research Flight Facility (RFF) is formed to manage and operate the Dept. of Commerce's hurricane research aircraft.
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Project STORMFURY is begun, a joint effort of the Weather Bureau, Navy, and National Science Foundation to test if seeding hurricanes can reduce their winds.
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Miller and Peter Chase create NHC-64, the first in a long line of statistical-dynamical track forecast programs. It is first used operationally during 1964 hurricane season.
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Charlie Neumann and John Hope create a hurricane database of Atlantic hurricanes later known as HURDAT.
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Ooyama creates the first 2D hurricane computer simulation.
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Project BOMEX attempts to define the air-sea fluxes in the tropical Atlantic.
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Project STORMFURY seeds Hurricane Debbie on two days. It is the most successful implementation of the experiment to date.
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NHC director Simpson works with engineer Herb Saffir to modify the latter's hurricane damage scale to include wind speed regimes, creating the Saffir-Simpson scale.
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Neumann develops CLIPER, a statistical hurricane track forecast scheme, used as a benchmark for other model's forecast skill scores.
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Roland Madden and Paul Julian describe a global scale pressure wave which seems to enhance tropical convection known as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).
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Bob Burpee publishes a paper explaining the origin and structure of African easterly waves.
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The GATE experiment in the east Atlantic measures tropical waves as they come off the African coast.
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Vern Dvorak proposes a scheme to estimate tropical cyclone strength from satellite pictures.
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Neumann and Brian Jarvinen develop SHIFOR, a statistical scheme to forecast hurricane intensity, used as a benchmark for intensity forecast skill scores.
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The First Global GARP Experiment attempts to delineate a world-wide profile of the the Earth atmosphere during two intense observation periods in the winter and summer to help predict hurricane patterns.
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The first Synoptic Flow experiment is flown around Hurricane Debby to help define the large scale atmospheric winds that steer the storm using dropsondes.
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Anthes publishes "Tropical Cyclones, Their Evolution, Structure, and Effects".
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Hugh Willoughby, Jean Clos, and Mohamed Shoreibah publish a paper on hurricane eyewall cycles.
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William Gray and his Colorado State team issue the first hurricane seasonal forecast.
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BAM, the Beta and Advection Model, and VICBAR, a nested barotropic hurricane track forecast model become operational.
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TCM-90 Experiment attempts to define factors contributing to typhoon motion such as synoptic winds and the beta effect.
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Mark DeMaria and John Kaplan create SHIPS a statistical hurricane intensity forecast scheme.
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TEXMex is an MIT/NOAA joint project carried out in the eastern Pacific to examine the genesis of tropical cyclones.
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NCEP's Aviation model becomes operational.
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TCM-92 Experiment combines satellite and aircraft observations to better define tropical cyclogenesis.
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Rapid scan high-resolution satellite loops are made of Hurricane Luis, showing eye structure and motion.
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The GFDL model becomes operational. It provides both track and intensity forecasts
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Both the NOGAPS and UKMET track forecast models become available to NHC.
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Mark Powell and Sam Houston publish detailed analyses of Hurricane Andrew.
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High resolution dropsondes are released in the eyewall of Hurricane Guillermo in the eastern Pacific. These reveal wind structure that surprise scientists.
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NOAA's GIV high altitude jet becomes operational, allowing examination of the steering flow around hurricanes from a greater height.
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NASA's Convecion and Moisture EXperiment 3 (CAMEX-3) is an experiment run in conjunction with NOAA's Hurricane Field Program to collects detailed data sets on Hurricanes Bonnie, Danielle, and Georges.
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CAMEX-4, a NASA experiment run in conjunction with NOAA's Hurricane Field Program collects detailed data sets on Hurricanes Erin, Gabrielle, and Humberto and Tropical Storm Chantal.
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Stan Goldenberg, Chris Landsea, Alberto Mestas-Nuñez and Gray publish a major paper in Science noting decadal swings in Atlantic hurricane activity.
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Mike Black, Krystal Valde, and others publish a paper on hurricane eyewall wind profiles based on GPS dropsondes.
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Powell, Peter Vickery, and Timothy Reinhold publish a paper on drag coefficients in hurricane force winds.
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Jason Dunion and Chris Velden demonstrate the delimiting effect the Saharan Air Layer has on tropical cyclone development.
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NASA's Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes Mission is set to investigate eastern Pacific disturbances, but is diverted to examining the activity in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.
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Project IFEX examines transmitting detailed information in the hurricane inner core in real-time to National Center for Enivronmental Prediction for inclusion in intensity models.
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An Aerosonde is flown into Tropical Storm Ophelia, the first such unmanned vehicle penetration of a tropical cyclone.
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The NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) experiment similarly seeks to investigate these disturbances off the African coast using aircraft and the CALIPSO satellite. These systems were then handed off to NOAA IFEX scientists over the western Atlantic.
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African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) experiment examines the wind regimes over western Africa and their role in generating disturbances over the Atlantic.
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An Aerosonde is flown into hurricane force winds for the first time into Noel off the Carolinas.
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Hurricane Paloma's rapid intensification is recorded by a series of NOAA scientific flights before its landfall in Cuba.
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NOAA adds 12 hours to its watch/warning lead time, issuing watches 48 hours before landfall and warnings 36 hours ahead of time. Removes referneces to storm surge height from Saffir-Simpson Scale.
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NASA runs its Genesis and Rapid Intesification Program(GRIP) experiment in conjunction with NOAA's IFEX field program along with a National Science Foundation funded Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT). Using a fleet of aircraft platforms the joint effort documents Hurricane Earl from formation through Rapid Intensification to decay.