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100
Jews Exiled From Isreal
After the Jews were exiled from Israel in a.d. 70, they brought their beliefs with them to their new lands. -
300
Judeo-Christian Views Formed
- Every person is born with worth and dignity because they were created by God.
- Every person has the ability to choose between doing good and doing wrong.
- Every person has the responsibility to help others in need and the community.
-stay devoted to God
-laws are religious based -
324
Christianity
Christianity declared official religion of Rome. -
350
Development of Western Political Ideas
In ancient Greece, the word tyrant was used for any leader who took over a government. A tyrant typically won public support and then seized power. Only later did tyrant come to mean what it does today—a leader who takes power illegally and abuses that power. -
350
Aristotle's Politics
“. . . is just that arbitrary power of an individual which is responsible to no one, and governs all . . . with a view to its own advantage, not to that of its subjects, and therefore against their will.” The influence of ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, extended beyond their time. Because they used logic and reason to think about the world and debate new ideas, they created a spirit of questioning and choice that aided the development of democracy. -
400
Christianity Spreads
As Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, especially in the a.d. 400s, it became the dominant religion in Europe. -
Jan 1, 1215
Magna Carta (England)
• Limited the powers of the king• Laid the basis for due process of law—law should be known and orderly• Prohibited the king from taking property or taxes without consent of a council -
Overseas Exploration
- During the 1600s, overseas exploration had opened new markets for England, and led to a thriving economy based on money.
- British merchants invested money in new industries.
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Geography and Natural Resources (Industrial Revolution)
- England’s rivers offered a dual advantage. Fast-flowing rivers were a source of water power to fuel machinery, and throughout the nation rivers provided inland transportation routes for industrial goods.
- In addition, England’s excellent natural harbors were a benefit to merchant ships.- England had rich natural resources in the form of coal and iron mines. Coal was a valuable source of energy to fuel machinery, and iron was used to make machines and products, such as tools and cookware.
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John Locke and Politics
• People have natural rights to life, liberty, and the ownership of property.• People form governments to protect these rights. Therefore, a government getsits authority from the people and should reflect their will.
Influence: Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson, the main author of the Declaration of Independence, the basis of the American Revolution. It stated that people have natural “unalienable rights” and that a government derives its power from the people. -
English Bill of Rights
• Guaranteed free elections and frequent meetings of Parliament• Forbade excessive fines and cruel punishment• Gave people the right to complain to the king or queen in Parliament• Established representative government—laws made by a group that acts for the people -
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that spread from Europe to America in the 1700s, helped inspire democratic revolutions in Europe, the United States, and Latin America. Key enlightenment writers included Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. -
Population Growth (England)
- Scientific improvements in farming during the 1700s led to more crops and healthier livestock—an Agricultural Revolution that brought more food to the people. Health and living conditions improved, and the population increased.
- A larger population meant greater demand for goods and more available labor.
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Industrial Revolution (England)
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the mid-1700s. In the century that followed, factories and machines transformed the nation and spread throughout Europe and North America. Instead of using hand tools to make household quantities, people came to rely on machinery to produce large amounts of goods to be sold in shops. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (France)
• A social contract exists between citizens and their government. In this contract, citizens accept certain rights and responsibilities, and grant the government the power to uphold those rights and responsibilities.Influence: The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Latin-American revolutionary leader Simón Bolívar. Bolívar fought to liberate his country, present-day Venezuela, from Spanish rule. He also led movements for independence and democracy in what are now the nations of Bolivia, -
American Colonists Protest
American colonists protest unfair taxes and other rights violations by the British. -
Improved Steam Engine
- James Watt- Improved steam engine (1769)- Provided an efficient source of industrial power
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War Breaks Out
War breaks out as shots are fired between colonists and British soldiers. -
American Declaration of Independence
• Said that all men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; these are unalienable rights—rights that government cannot take away• Said that governments get their power from the consent of the governed—the idea of popular sovereignty -
Declaration of Independence
American colonists issue a Declaration of Independence from British rule. -
Charles-Louis Montesquieu (France)
• Government should be kept under control though separation of powers—a division into independent parts so that no part has too much power.• A way to guarantee balance is to have three branches of government: a legislative branch to make laws;an executive branch to carry out and enforce laws;a judicial branch to interpret laws.Influence: Montesquieu’s ideas influenced James Madison, sometimes called the father of the U.S. Constitution because of his many contributions at the 1787 Constitutio -
British Army surrenders
British Army surrenders; Americans achieve independence. -
Articles of Confederation
States agree to a weak central government under the Articles of Confederation. -
States accept the U.S. Constitution
States accept the U.S. Constitution, creating a stronger national government. -
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• Said that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights”• Said that the purpose of government is to protect “natural” rights, including “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”• Guaranteed freedom of speech and freedom of religion -
The American Revolution - Democracy
The American Revolution ocurred during an era of revolutionary movements. Not all revolutions succeeded in creating stable democracy. For example, after the French Revolution in 1789, France descended into chaos, as people rebelled against many tra- ditions. A dictatorship took over in 1799. By contrast, the American colonists rebelled mainly against British rule. After the revolution, they established laws that protected individual rights balanced with representative national and state governme -
American Revolution - Other Nations
The American revolution set an example to other nations to not be suppressed by bad rules and other nations that just over tax and suppress the people. Britain was a nation with many colonies, including America. When America signed the Declaration of Independence and broke away from the King this was a sign to other nations that they could do it too, and that they would be able to beat the British as well. -
U.S. Bill of Rights
• Guaranteed freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press• Guaranteed due process of law, including protection from unfair imprisonment• Guaranteed trial by jury; protected people from “cruel and unusual punishment” -
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights is added to the U.S. Constitution. -
French Revolution Government Develops from Constitutional Monarchy
During the French Revolution the citizens always wanted a better government. After they overthrew the government they had a temporary democratic government which was overthrown by the people again. The people couldn't find a government they were happy with. -
Cotton Gin
- Eli Whitney- Cotton gin (1793)- Sped cotton production by separating fiber from seed
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Slave Trade Abolished
The Industrial Revolution was financed in part by profits from the trans-Atlantic slave trade. But industry soon became more profitable than the slave trade. During the early 1800s, the slave trade was abolished in England, the United States, and much of Europe. -
Classicism (Literature)
Classicism sought to imitate the arts of ancient Greece and Rome. Tradition, reason, and symmetry were prized. The forms of plays and musical compositions followed particular rules; painters and architects incorporated subjects and images from the ancient world. -
Romanticism
Romanticism emphasized love of nature, emotional expression, individual experi- ence, and the importance of ordinary people and folk traditions. Often, romantics longed for a simpler, gentler past—a time when noble people lived in harmony with unspoiled nature—a past that did not in fact exist. Romanticism developed in the early 1800s and became widely popular. In some ways, Romanticism reflected the spirit and concerns of its time. -
William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth wrote poetry that used the language of ordinary people. -
Beethoven’s Pastoral symphony, Social Criticism
Beethoven’s Pastoral symphony expressed his love of nature. Romanticism’s focus on the value of ordinary people and their experiences led to the development of social criticism—artistic work that identifies and expresses concern for problems in society. The fiction of Charles Dickens was known for its social criticism. In A Christmas Carol, for instance, Dickens vividly describes the sufferings of the poor. -
Spread of Technology
By the 1840s, England had become a nation connected by railroads. Around the same time, the United States, Russia, and European nations, such as France and Germany, developed rail systems too. Railroads transported goods and linked commercial centers. -
Revolutions of 1848
The French had lots of victories over other nations and with Napoleon and his leadership, so the Congress of Vienna led by a prince that stated that democracy was the devil and Napoleon was the cause of it. So Europe was put under monarchy power as a cause of the Congress of Vienna. However later people realized that it was all just a trick and that Napoleon was a tad power hungry, but he did have the idea of giving the people some power as long as it was okay with him. -
Bessemer process
- Henry Bessemer- Bessemer process (1850s)- Quickly and cheaply made steel out of iron
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Limited Agricultural Sector (England)
In 1850 England was freed from the constraint of funding both food and raw materials from a limited agricultural sector. -
Population Growth
By the time of the Industrial Revolution, there were more people than ever before. A main reason for this was 18th century agricultural improvements, which all but ended the periodic famines that had kept down European populations. From 1750 to 1850, the population of England alone nearly tripled. -
Disease
Nineteenth-century city dwellers were vulnerable to contagious—and sometimes deadly—diseases such as typhus, cholera, and influenza. These spread rapidly in the unhealthy conditions created by industrialization. -
Division of Labor, The Union Movement
Increasingly divided social classes emerged during the Industrial Revolution. Very wealthy industrial owners and businessmen formed the upper class. The middle classes included a variety of professionals, such as teachers, lawyers, shopkeepers, and small businessmen. Factory workers and other dependent laborers made up the working class.
The union movement arose to address the many problems faced by laborers. A union is an organization that speaks for the workers it represents. -
Industrial Economies
Entrepreneurs are people who organize new businesses by deciding how the business will be run and what it will produce, and then1) obtaining money from lenders and investors2) using the money to obtain necessary resources
Most countries that are pretty powerful want a good industrial economy and an abundance of natural resources. Natural Resources yield Urbanization, and successful Entrepreneurship led to good commerce, which also yielded urbanization labor, -
Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism
Capitalism, free market and laissez faire the government had no control making it possible to become monopoly. Social democracy spread the idea and theme and the communism got everything. When capitalism didn't work countries turn to socialism and communism. Without government intervention companies flourish, but they also yield monopolies. -
Pasteurization (sterilization) of liquids
- Louis Pasteur- Pasteurization (sterilization) of liquids (1860s)- Increased the shelf life of milk and other products
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Advances In Communications
Major advances in communications had occurred by the 1870s. International mail service had been achieved; telegraph messages could be transmitted around the world in minutes; and, in 1876, the telephone was used for the first time (thoughit did not become widespread until the early 1900s). -
Effects on Society
- In agricultural life, the forces of weather and nature rule. In the new industrial culture, work could take place in any weather and more quickly than ever before.- Railroads replaced horses, increasing loads and decreasing shipping and travel times. With the telegraph, it now took minutes rather than months for a message to reacha faraway destination. The pace of life had changed forever.
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Immigration
The Industrial Revolution was financed in part by profits from the trans-Atlantic slave trade. But industry soon became more profitable than the slave trade. During the early 1800s, the slave trade was abolished in England, the United States, and much of Europe. -
Improved electric light
- Thomas Edison- Improved electric light (1879)- Made possible long-lasting indoor electric light
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Migration
Before the Industrial Revolution, most Europeans—and most of the world—lived on small farms in rural areas. By the mid-1800s, half the people in England lived in cities, and by 1900 this change had spread throughout much of Europe. Population migration from rural to urban settings is a defining feature of the Industrial Revolution. -
Plato's Republic
“At first, in the early days of his power, [the tyrant] is full of smiles . . . [but later] he is always stirring up some war or other, in order that the people may require a leader.”