huma1520 lecture 3 timeline - The First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and China's failed reforms

[Korea] Persecution of Catholicism begins

1791

The martyrdom and persecution Korean Catholics suffered during the 18th century is symbolic of the religion’s history of upheaval on the peninsula. Korean Catholicism marked by volatile history

[Korea] King Jeongio's death

1800

Being poisoned is a well accepted reason of King Jeongio' death.

[Korea] Christian issue emerged again

1839

The government executed three French missionaries and scores of converts. Six years later it martyred Korea’s first priest, Kim Daegeon, trained in Macao, who had preached in secret. Between waves of persecution, the number of converts continued to grow. Instead of being primarily yangban, they now tended to be people in intermediate status groups and commoners, including a remarkable number of women.

[China] Start of treaty port culture

1860

the number of westerners in China started to grow, a distinct treaty port culture evolved. At the treaty ports, the presence of the British and Indians was especially strong, and the habits of the British Empire tended to spill over into these cities. By 1900 there were one hundred treaty ports, but only Shanghai, Tianjin, Hankou, Guangzhou, and Dalian (at the southern tip of Manchuria) became major centers of foreign residence. Treaty Ports

[Korea] Gojong ascend as Emperor of Korea

1864

When Gojong became the king, Korea was facing many internal and external issues. The political parties also have extremely opposing opinions on country affairs. Gojong ruled as regent under the Imperial Japan until he was overthrown by Japan. 朝鮮高宗

[Korea] French Campaign against Korea

1866

The French expedition to Korea was an 1866 punitive expedition undertaken by the Second French Empire in retaliation for the earlier Korean execution of seven French Catholic missionaries. The encounter over Ganghwa Island lasted nearly six weeks. The result was an eventual French retreat, and a check on French influence in the region. Wiki

[Korea] Rampage of Daedong River

1866

Western powers tried repeatedly to change the Daewongun’s isolationist stance. In 1866, a ship under the U.S. flag, the General Sherman, with an English captain and a crew of Malays and Chinese, rampaged up the Daedong River near Pyeongyang and demanded trade.

[China] Tianjin Massacre, an orphanage tragedy

1870

Tientsin Massacre was the most ghastly of many Chinese attacks on Christian missionaries and converts in the late 19th century during the late Qing dynasty. When an epidemic swept through the orphanage in June 1870, so many orphans died that rumors spread that they were being killed for their body parts. The crowd then killed the consul and the officer with him, as well as priests and nuns, foreigners, and Chinese converts. The French victims were mutilated, the cathedral and churches burned.

[Korea] United States expedition to Korea

1871

In 1871, the United States landed marines on Ganghwa Island to teach the Koreans a lesson for the General Sherman incident and to demand a treaty of trade and amity by killing dozens of Korean defenders. Wiki

[Korea] Treaty of Ganghwa

1876

Daewongun was forced into retirement by his son King Gojong and Gojong's wife, Empress Myeongseong. Western countries had already made several failed attempts to begin commerce with the Joseon before. However, after he was removed from power, many new officials who supported the idea of opening commerce with foreigners took power. With political instability, Japan developed a plan to exert influence on Korea before European could. wiki

[Korea] Failure to overthrow Gojong

1881

In the fall of 1881, when a plot by the Daewongun to overthrow the king and abolish the new Office was uncovered, the Daewongun’s subordinates were arrested and executed.

[Korea] Imo Incident by Korean soldiers in Seoul against the modernization policies of emperor Gojong.

1882

It was a violent uprising and riot in Seoul beginning on July 23, 1882 by soldiers of the Korean army who were later joined by disaffected members of the wider Korean population. The revolt broke out in part because of King Gojong's support for reform and modernization. The revolt was also in part, a reaction to Gojong's support for Japanese military advisors. wiki

[Korea] Submission of memorials recommending policy

1882

Late in 1882, King Gojong called on Koreans to submit memorials recommending policy to fit the times. He received one hundred private memorials, of which one-fifth advocated reform.

[Korea] Kim Okgyun leads the Gapsin coup

1884

Kim Okgyun leads the Gapsin coup. In 3 days, Chinese forces are able to overwhelm the Progressives and their Japanese supporters.

[Korea, China, Japan] Donghak Rebellion, Sino Japanese War and Gabo Reforms

1894

It was an armed rebellion in Korea led by peasants and followers of the Donghak religion, a panentheistic religion viewed by many rebels as a political ideology. Donghak Rebellion prompts the First Sino-Japanese War and Gabo Reforms. wiki

[China] Revolutionists set up study societies and publishing newspapers

1895

In 1895 Kang, Liang, and like-minded men began setting up study societies in several large cities. In Hunan province, for instance, fourteen study societies were founded in 1897 and 1898, the largest with more than twelve hundred members. Some of these societies started publishing newspapers.

Treaty of Shimonoseki

1895

China recognizes Korean independence in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. wiki

[Korea] Murder of Empress Myeongseong

1895

The government of Meiji Japan (明治政府) considered Empress Myeongseong (明成皇后) an obstacle to its overseas expansion.[2] Efforts to remove her from the political arena, orchestrated through failed rebellions prompted by the father of King Gojong, the Heungseon Daewongun (an influential regent working with the Japanese), compelled her to take a harsher stand against Japanese influence. She was killed by pro-japanese party in 乙未事變

[Korea] Triple intervention to force the retreat of Japanese army from Korea

1895

The Triple Intervention in April 1895 by Russia, France, and Germany to force Japan to give up its territorial gains following the Sino-Japanese War meant that Japan had to retreat from Korea as well.

[Korea] King Gojong flees to the Russian legation in Korea (Seoul)

Feb 11, 1896

[Korea] King Gojong returns to his palace after 1 year of refuge at the Russian legation

Feb 20, 1897

[China] Discussion between revolutionists and the Qing Emperror

1898

the emperor invited Kang Youwei to discuss his ideas with the high officials at court. In June the emperor gave Kang a five-hour audience. Over the next hundred days, the emperor issued more than one hundred decrees on everything from revamping the examination system to setting up national school, banking, postal, and patent systems. He was redesigning the Qing as a constitutional monarchy with modern financial and educational infrastructures.

[China] Start of the Hundred Days' Reform

1898

The Hundred Days' Reform or Wuxu Reform was a failed 103-day national, cultural, political, and educational reform movement that occurred from 11 June to 22 September 1898 in late Qing dynasty China. wiki

[China] End of the Hundred Days' Reform

1898

Empress Dowager Cixi had had enough and staged a coup with the help of Yuan Shikai’s army. She had the Guangxu emperor locked up and executed those reformers she could capture. All the reform edicts were revoked. Kang and Liang, safely out of Beijing at the time, fled to Japan, where each lived for years.

Japan-Korea Treaty 1905

1905

Korea became the protectorate of Imperial Japan. wiki

The Hague Secret Emissary Affair

1907

Following the Agreement in 1905 and victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan sought to formalize its control over the Korean Peninsula. Japan assumed hegemony over the Empire of Korea with the Eulsa Treaty of 1905. Korean missaries were unable to gain entry into the convention hall as it was not viewed as an independent nation, as Japan had assumed responsibility for its international representation. wiki

[Korea] Gojong was abdicated by Japan

Jul 18, 1907

Gojong was abdicated in favour of his son, Sunjong by Imperial Japan.

Ito Hirobumi is assassinated by Korean independence activist

Oct 26, 1909

Ito Hirobumi (Japanese Resident-General of Korea) is assassinated by Korean independence activist An Jung-geun.

Japan-Korea Treaty 1910

Aug 22, 1910

In this treaty, Imperial Japan formally annexed Korea following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 by which Korea became a protectorate of Japan and Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 by which Korea was deprived of the administration of internal affairs. Japanese commentators predicted that Koreans would easily assimilate into the Japanese Empire. wiki

[China] Xinhai Revolution, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown

1911

In the city of Wuchang, a bomb accidentally exploded in the headquarters of a revolutionary group. When the police came to investigate, they found lists of the revolutionaries. Once the police set out to arrest those listed, the army officers staged a coup. The local officials fled, and the army took over the city in less than a day. The revolutionaries then telegraphed the other provinces asking them to declare their independence. Within six weeks, fifteen provinces had seceded. 辛亥革命

[China] Last Qing emperor abdicated

1912

In February 1912, the last Qing emperor abdicated, and in March Yuan Shikai took over as president. As a mark of solidarity with the revolutionaries, men cut off their queues, the symbol of their subordination to the Manchus.

[China] Northern Expedition

1926

Although the dynasty handed over its armies to the republican government under Yuan Shikai, military unity was soon lost, and regional armies and warlords competed to secure bases. In the 1920s, the Nationalist Party under Sun Yatsen built a base in Guangdong, and in 1926 launched the Northern Expedition, which reunified the country. wiki