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Queen Elizabeth I dies and James VI of Scotland accedes to the English throne
Elizabeth I died childless so was succeeded by her cousin, James VI of Scotland, who henceforth assumed the title of James I of England as well. James's accession meant that the three separate kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were now united, for the first time, under a single monarch. James was the first Stuart ruler of England.
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James I ends the war with Spain
One of James I's first acts of foreign policy was to end the long war with Spain, which had continued for 20 years. The Treaty of London was favorable to Spain, but was also an areement by the Spanish, their hopes of bringing England under Spanish control were over. The end of the war greatly eased the English government's near bankrupt. England and Spain were at peace for the next 50 years.
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Gunpowder Plot to assassinate James I failed
A group of English Catholics, mad at James I's failure to relax the penal laws against their people, hatched a plot to blow up the king and parliament by igniting gunpowder barrels concealed beneath the building. The plot was discovered before it could be carried out. The plotter, including Guy Fawkes were either killed or captured and then executed by being hanged.
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Irish Earls flee to the continent fearing arrest
In 1605, the new lord deputy, Arthur Chichester, began to restrict Hugh O’Neill and Rory O’Donnell . Fearing arrest, the two fled to the continent with 90 family members and followers - the 'Flight of the Earls'. This marked the end of the power of Ireland’s Gaelic aristocracy.
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'King James Bible' is published
By the end of the 16th century, there were several different English bibles in the world and the church authorities felt that another version was needed.The 'Authorised Version of the Bible' was commissioned in 1604. It became the most famous English translation of the scriptures and had a profound impact on the English language.
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James I dies and Charles I accedes to the throne
James I was struck down by what was described as 'a tertian ague' and died in his bed at Theobalds, in Hertfordshire, at the age of 57. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Charles, then 24-years-old, who was proclaimed as king at the gates of Theobalds a few hours later.
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Charles I dissolves parliament and begins 11 years of personal rule
Charles I was outraged when, on 2 March 1629, members of parliament first held the Speaker of the House down in his chair and then passed three resolutions condemning the king's financial and religious policies. Eight days later, Charles dissolved the assembly and embarked on a period of government without parliaments, known as the 'Personal Rule.
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'Short Parliament' opens at Westminster
Desperate for money to fight the Scots, Charles I was forced to summon a new parliament - his first after 11 years of personal rule. At first, there seemed a good chance that members of parliament might be prepared to set their resentments of the king's domestic policies aside and agree to grant him money. Yet such hopes proved illusory, and Charles was forced to dissolve the parliament within a month.
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Scots defeat the English at Newburn on the River Tyne
Having advanced deep into England, the Scottish army found Charles I's forces waiting for them on the southern bank of the River Tyne at Newburn. Charging across the river under cover of artillery fire, the Scots swiftly put the English infantry to flight. Charles was forced to agree to a humiliating truce.
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Charles I is executed at Whitehall, London
Oliver Cromwell and the other senior commanders of the New Model Army decided that England could never be settled in peace while Charles I remained alive. Accordingly, the king was charged with high treason, tried, found guilty and beheaded. Charles faced his trial and death with remarkable dignity. His last word on the scaffold was: 'Remember'. The execution of a king was greeted across Europe with shock.
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