-
Brown V. Board of Education
A court case that went to the Supreme Court that tried to help blend white and black schools. Argued that segregated schools were unconstitutional. This court case is where "separate but equal" came from. The attorneys who argued for the plaintiffs were Thurgood Marshall, James Nabrit, and George Hayes.This took place in Topeka, Kansas. -
White Citizens Council
Facts: This was created by white segregationists and used violence to achieve their goals. They wanted to counteract any progress made for civil rights. They targeted the upper and middle classes. A key figure was W.A. Gayle, mayor of Montgomery, who supported the cause. By him joining, the memberships doubled.The group was started in either Greenwood or Indianola, Mississippi. -
Brown V. Board of Education II
Facts: This happened after the ruling that declared that segregation in schools was unconstitutional. A lot of schools were still not integrating, so this event helped integrate schools with "deliberate speed". The appellants were Oliver Brown, Richard Lawton, and Sadie Emmanuel. The appellee was the Board of Education of Topeka. This occurred in Topeka, Kansas. -
The Lynching of Emmett Till
A 14-year old boy, named Emmett Till, was brutally lynched by a group of white men after "offending" a white woman at a grocery store. He was kidnapped from his great-uncles home. He serves as a catalyst for the civil rights movement. The people involved were Emmett Till and the linked murders Milam and Roy Bryant. This event occurred in Money, Mississippi, specifically the Tallahatchie River. -
Rosa Parks Arrested
A civil rights activist that sat in the front of a bus to protest against the discrimination. She refused to move when asked and was later arrested for "violating" the law. This sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This happened in Montgomery, Alabama. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A civil rights protest that was a large demonstration of fighting segregation in the South. It was 381 days long and it was known by the whole nation. The most prominent leader was Martin Luther King Jr. This event happened in Montgomery, Alabama. -
Martin Luther King House
Martin Luther King's house was bombed by people who did not agree with his stance of civil rights. It was mostly due to his accomplishments with the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Fortunately, no one was harmed. This event occurred of 309 South Jackson Street in Montgomery. -
Bombing of Reverend Fred
Reverend Fred was the pastor of Birmingham's Bethel Baptist Church. He was bombed after trying to fight segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. He was brutally attacked by the Klu Klux Klan. He did not die from any of the attacks, but from the repercussion of a stroke. -
SCLC Founded
SCLC is an acronym for Southern Christian Leadership Conference. It's objective was to fight for equal rights but in a non-violent matter. It had a successful 4-month journey fighting in Birmingham, Alabama. SCLC was found in Atlanta, GA. The main leader of SCLC is Charles Steele Jr. -
Eisenhower sends in troops
President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to protect the Little Rock Nine of their journey to integrate a white school. He wanted the rulings of the case to be upheld and felt that military action was the most effective way. This occurred in Little Rock Central High School and the students involved were Thelma, Minnijean, Jefferson, Terrence, Carlotta, Gloria, Ernest. -
SNCC Formed
The SNCC was formed by black college students that wanted to fight segregation in the South in a nonviolent way. Their main method was by using "sit-ins". This meant that they sat at the seats reserved for whites and did not move or fight. They were founded in North Carolina and their president was Stokely Carmichael. SNCC stands for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. -
Greensboro Sit Ins
Greensboro was a civil rights protest that included young black students that refused to leave seats reserved for whites. This event occurred in the restaurant Woolworth in Greensboro, North Carolina. The people who participated were Ezell Blair, David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph McNeil. It was successful in integrating lunch counters. -
Freedom Rides
Freedom rides were buses that carried white and black passengers and took them down the South. It was used to create chaos with racists. The white people who supported it would sit in the back of the bus and the black people would sit in the front. It was often faced with violence when it came to rest stops, but the group was non-violent. The first freedom ride was on May 4th, 1961 in Washington, D.C. The main leader of the Freedom Rides was Fred Shuttlesworth. -
White Mob Attacks Federal Marshalls
During the Freedom Rides, there were large groups of racists who would violently attack the people riding the buses. The Federal Marshalls protected churches and the people, but were often met with bombings and attacks. The president often threatened with troops to slow down the mobs. -
Albany Georgia "failure"
It was a movement led by the SNCC and its main goal was the desegregate the community. It started in 1961 and ended in '62. It was considered a failure because it resulted in 1000 African Americans being jailed. However, it created provided a sense of hope in the people and later the city removed segregation laws. This event happened in Albany, Georgia and the main leader was William Anderson. -
Bailey v. Patterson
This was a court case about interstate and intrastate segregation in transportation. The appellants felt like they had their rights denied to them. It was decided in the Warren Court in Jackson, Mississippi. The result was that segregation in public transportation was illegal. -
MLK goes to a Birmingham Jail
Martin Luther King was arrested and jailed during one of his protests in Birmingham. He was fighting for better rights for blacks, but the court said that he could not hold protests in Birmingham. -
Equal Pay Act
John F. Kennedy signed this law to protect both sexes in the workplace. Both men and women no longer had disparities in their wage. It abolished the workplace of discrimination. However, their are many loopholes and often can be worked around. This court case occurred in Buffalo, NY. It was introduced to the senate by Patrick McNamara. -
Kennedy sends in Federal Troops
Kennedy sent in troops to help with the desegregation of University of Alabama. This later resulted in the enrollment of two African American students by the mayor. Their names were Vivian Malone and James Hood. They were the first students to break the "solor barrier". They both graduated. -
Assassination of Medgar
Medgar was assassinated in Jackson, MS. He was killed for his investigation of crimes that were aimed at blacks. His most famous case was Emmett Till. He was killed by Bryon Beckwith Jr. Bryon was apart of the White Citizens' Council in Jackson at the time. -
March on Washington "I have a dream"
Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech titled "I have a dream". This occurred in the Lincoln memorial in Washington. The march's purpose was to protest discrimination and give hope for the civil rights movement. The main purpose of the speech was to instill motivation to continue to protest for rights and the end of racism. -
Church bombing in Birmingham
A bomb exploded in Birmingham, Alabama in a church that was majoritality a black congregation. It was the 16th street Baptist Church. It was a regular place where civil rights leaders gathered. The primary suspects of the bombing were Thomas Blanton, Robert Chambliss, Bobby Frank Cherry, and Herman Cash. It killed 4 girls. -
Assassination of John F. Kennedy.
John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he was in a motorcade driving down a street in Dallas, Texas. The shooter was Lee Oswald. Kennedy was allegedly shot 3 times. He died in Parkland hospital and died at age 46. November 25th is a national day in America to remember the death of Kennedy. -
Freedom Summer
Freedom summer was a project that attempted to increase the number of black voters in the South. It specifically targeted Mississippi. 1062 people were arrested for being apart of Freedom Summer and 80 people were beaten. It also led to the bombing of 37 churches and the disappearance of Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Earl Chaney -
The 24th Amendment
The 24th amendment eliminated the fee to vote when at polls. President Lyndon Johnson passed this amendment. His reasoning behind it was that "there can be no one too poor to vote". It one by a vote of 295 to 86. There were only five states that didn't ratify the 24th amendment which were Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The act prohibited the discrimination of race, color,religion, sex, or nationality. President Lyndon Johnson passed this Act. It was a huge part of the civil rights movement and it was signed in the White House. It was a televised ceremony. -
Killing of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwener
These were three activists that were kidnapped and murdered in Neshoba, Mississippi. This was during the Civil Rights Movement. They were apart of COFO and CORE and were working to help black people vote. This specific event happened on Rock Cut Road. The murder was James Jordan. He was apart of the KKK. -
Assassination of Malcom X
Malcom X was assassinated by a black Muslim group while he was addressing the unity of African Americans. He was a religious nationalist leader. He was killed in the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan, NY. Some people believed that the wrong people were sent to jail. -
Selma to Montgomery March
This was a march that tried to establish the start of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It started in Selma to Montgomery in Alabama. 600 activists marched, but they did not make it very far before they were attacked with clubs and tear gas. This led to president Johnson creating an act to protect voting for African Americans. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This act made sure that there was no discrimination in voting within Southern states. President Johnson passed this act and it banned poll taxes, literacy tests, and more. This act was passed 95 years after the 15th amendment -
Black Panthers Formed
The Black Panthers was a social group that used their anger to fight for civil rights. They believed in black nationalism, end to police brutality, socialism, self-defense, exemption of black men in military service, freedom for all black men in prison, and more. The main leaders in the Black Panthers were Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, and Elbert Howard. The Black Panther Party was created in Oakland, CA. -
Detroit Riots
These riots were caused by the tension between African Americans and the umemployment/underemployment in America. It also what built on the racism, lack of opportunities, poverty, and more. The riots lasted 5 days and were extremely violent. There was burning, blood, and looting. The national guard and army were called to help. Its supposed start was the raid of a bard called "Blind Pig". -
Loving V. Virginia
This was a court case that made Virginia's ban against interracial marriage unconstitutional. Virginia was in violation of the 14th amendment and the Court voted 9-0 to allow interracial marriage. The case came from Richard Loving, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, a mixed woman, who wanted to get married, but had to leave Central Point, Virginia, to do so. -
Minneapolis Riots
There was a lot of tension about discrimination, mistreatment, and more that ended in the African American community burning, assaulting, and vandalizing the town for three nights. The police force used riot helmets and shotguns to try to calm down the group, but it did not work. National guard troops came down to control Plymouth Avenue. -
Assassination of MLK
There is no confirmed movie of MLK's assassination but some believe that it was due to his civil rights work and there was some conspiracy between the government, police, and mafia. He was shot by James Earl Ray while at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. He was shot at age 39. -
Assassination of Robert Kennedy
While in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California, Kennedy was assassinated with a .22 caliber by Sirhan. It is believed that he was assassinated due to his connection with Martin Luther King Jr. and his work with civil rights. He was shot right after he won his California Presential Primary.
