Humanities Timeline

Rome

Period: 27 BCE to 1453

This is a very important time where people started inventing and discovering a lot of things

The Assassination of Julius Caesar

44

Julius Caesar was assassinated at the Theater of Pompeii, and was stabbed 23 times. He was the dictator of the Roman Empire, and they wanted to kill him because they were worried that he had too much power, and he would overrule the senate of the Roman Empire.

Split of the Roman Empire

285

This was a time when the Roman Empire had gotten so huge, that it had to be governed from two different spots because it took a long time to send information back and forth. Emperor Diocletian made this change and split the empire into two parts, the eastern and western. The western was governed out of Rome, and the eastern was governed out of Byzantium(Constantinople).

Rule of Diocletian

305

This was when Diocletian ended his reign as the emperor of the eastern Roman Empire. He was commonly known as Emperor Augustus and the month of August was named after him.

Legalization of Christianity

320

The leader of Constantine the great brought many great things to the empire including Christianity. He began the transition of putting Christianity as the main religion. Many historians believe he wanted to do this because he wanted more harmony in the empire. That's how the church became so dominant in the Constantinian dynasty.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

476

In 476 CE, the last western roman emperor, Romulus was overthrown by the Germanic leader Odoacer, who became the first barbarian to rule in europe.

Middle Ages

Period: 476 to 1453

This was a time where the western roman empire fell apart, and people weren't making a lot of progress. The middle ages ended when the eastern roman empire fell apart(Fall of constantinople).

The reign of Justinian

565

Justinian was one of the first rulers in the eastern Byzantine empire, and it marked a significant empire because there was no more Rome, but only Constantinople.

Muslims Conquer North Africa

670

After the death of their leader which helped them claim Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt, the Muslims hired Umayyad Caliphate. In three stages and conquests they invaded and took North Africa from the Byzantine Empire

Battle of Tours

Oct 10, 732

This battle was held in France and it was between the Franks and invasion forces of the Umayyad Caliphate led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. The Franks ended up being victorious in the war.

Rule of Charlemagne

771

Charlemagne was known as Karl and Charles the great and was an emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. He also ruled the Franks and wanted to convert all Germanic people into one kingdom and make everybody christian.

Missionary of St.Cyril and Methodius

875

Saint Cyril and Methodius were two brothers who were two Christian Missionaries. Missionaries are people that spread religion across different countries. The brothers majorly influenced the cultural development of the Slavs and converted them to be Christian.

East-West Schism

1054

The East-West Schism was the break of the Catholic Church and . The Eastern Orthodox Church. It happened of theological and political differences between the east and west.

Crusades

1096

The crusades were a series of religous wars made by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The most known Crusades are the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean aimed at recovering he Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Viking Expansion

1100

The Viking Expansion was the proccess in which vikings sailed the North Atlantic as looters, colonists and traders. Most of the Northern Atlantic was settled by vikings including present-day scotland, faroe islands, greenland, iceland and scandanavia.

Magna Carta

1215

The Magna Carta is a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England. It was made to bring peace between the King and a group of rebels called barons.

The Mongol Invasion

1300

In the 1200s, there were many mongol invasions to expand their huge empire, and by 1300 the mongols covered much of asia and eastern europe.

The Renaissance

Period: 1300 to 1600

The renaissance was the rebirth of the roman and greek empires, where many artists and philosophers used the ancient ideas.

Dante Writes Epic Poem Divine Comedy

1320

This Poem tells about Dante's journy through hell and guided by the ancient roman poet Virgil. Dante depicts . hell as nine concentric circles or torment located within the earth.

The Plague

1350

The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, and around 75 to 200 million people were killed in Eurasia from 1347 to 1351.

Avignon Papacy

1376

This was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon, modern-day France)than Rome.

Jan Hus Dies

Jul 6, 1415

Jan Hus was a Czech philosopher and Theologian of the Charles University in Prague, and then he became a church reformer and a key predecessor to Protestantism.

Brunelleschi Designs Dome for Florence Cathedral

1436

The Florence Cathedral, was a very important building because it incorporated a lot of main ideas from the renaissance whos ideas are based on ancient Greek and Roman ones.

Johannes Gutenberg Invents the Printing Press

1450

Johannes's invention of the Printing Press was crucial at the time because you could print books in large amounts, rather than having to handwrite and translate every single book. Now the whole population could afford the bible and it was available in a local language, not just latin.

End of Byzantine Empire

1453

The empire finally fell after existing for more than 1000 years to after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople during the reign of Constantine XI.

Hundred Years' War

1453

The Hundred Years' War was between the Kingdom of England against the Kingdom of France. It was one of the most notable wars during the middle ages. It was fought to have the throne of the biggest kingdom of Europe. In the end, France was victorious

Lorenzo de Medici Ascends to Power in Florence

1460

Lorenzo was part of the Medici family, who were very wealthy because they were part of the banking scene, and they were the rulers of the Florentine Republic. Specifically, Lorenzo was a patron who supported different italian artists.

Botticelli Completes the Painting The Birth of Venus

1483

The italian artist Sandro Botticelli painted this iconic painting of the birth of the goddess Venus arriving at the shore, after her birth. She emerges all grown up and adultlike.

Sistine Chapel

1483

This chapel is in The Vatican City and its name was taken from Pope Sixtus IV because before is was named Capella Magna. This was the chapel where michelangelo famously painted the whole ceiling, in scenes from the bible.

Leonardo Da Vinci Paints The Mona Lisa

1503

The Mona Lisa is a very famous painting by Italian artist Leonardo Da Vinci. It is a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo. It also has the biggest insurance valuation at 100 million dollars. When you look at the painting, you can see that the woman is smiling, or frowning and its like an optical illiusion.

Erasmus Publishes The Praise of Folly

1509

The Praise of Folly was an essay written in Latin in 1509 by Erasmus and first printed in 1511. Erasmus was inspired by Italian humanist Faustino Perisauli and it was a satirical attack on superstitions and other traditions of the Western Church.

Ninety Five Theses

1517

Martin Luther nailed 95 theses about why the Church was corrupt, and that a change needed to happen. Luther posted these theses at the doors of the Wittenburg church. Although these theses caused people to protest, Luther was excommunicated.

Start of the Counter-Reformation

1517

It all started with the 95 theses that Luther made, and that caused people to finally question the church. One of the main reasons for the protest was because of indulgences. An indulgence is when you pay money to the Church for God to forgive you for your sins.

The Reformation

Period: 1517 to 1648

The Reformation was a period in which the Catholic Church split into the Protestant Church, and many other branches.

Sack of Rome

May 6, 1527

The Sack of Rome was a military event carried out in Rome by the troops of Charles the Fifth who was the Emperor at the time. It was a crucial victory between him and the League of Cognac who was an alliance of Florence, Milan, Venice, and France.

Copernicus' Theory

1543

Nicolaus Copernicus was a polish astronomer, and his theory was that the Earth rotated around the sun, rather than the sun around the Earth. Many people did not believe him because it was against the Church's thoughts. The Church thought that everything rotated around the Earth and that it's the center of the universe.

Scientific Revolution

Period: 1543 to 1610

The Scientific Revolution was a period in time where there were many advances in technology and science, and a time where science was majorly challenging the church.

Henry VIII

1547

Henry VIII was the King of England from 1509 to 1547, and was very influential in the Reformation. He is most known for his disagreement with the pope, and that led Henry to initiate the English Reformation in which he separates the Church of England from the papal authority. He appointed himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England and left catholicism.

William Shakespeare Builds the Globe Theater

1599

The Globe Theater was built by Shakespeare's playing company, and this was the place where some of his most famous plays debuted.

Elizabeth I of England Becomes Queen

1603

Elizabeth I of England was queen from 1558 to 1603, and was the last of the five monarchs in the House of Tudor.

Galileo Galilei Studies Planets Using a Microscope

1609

Galileo was the first person to ever look at the Moon, and using his invention of the spyglass he even managed to discover one of the 4 moons of Jupiter.

Kepler Discovers Elliptical Orbits

1609

Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the sun.

Galileo Galilei Warned by the Church

1616

Galileo also knew about Copernicus' theory, and he claimed it was true as well. But the Church was not happy with it and warned him to not spread the idea anymore.

Bacon Publishes Novum Organum

1620

This was a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin in 1620.

Thirty Years War

1648

The war was fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It resuled in 8 million fatalities, and was started with various Protestant and Catholic States fighting but then, it was mostly involved between the largest European Powers.

Peace of Westphalia

1648

This was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 and largely ending the European wars of religion.