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Antisemitism
The term Antisemitism was popularized in Germany in 1873 as it translated to the term Judenhass ("Jew-hatred"). The term was first used in 1873 -
Autoemancipation
Leon Pinsker, a Russian-Polish Jewish doctor wrote a book about the origins of anti-Semitism and the importance of a Jewish homeland. He claimed that having national Jewish consciousness and Jewish self rule would help solve the problems of anti-Semitism. He calls anti-Jewish attacks a type of psychosis called Judenphobia. The book inspired Jews throughout Europe and helped in the development of Zionism and a Jewish state. -
First Aliyah
First Aliyah- The first Aliyah was when the first wave of Jewish Settlers first came to Palestine. It was the response to the movement that took place to create a Jewish state. It took place in 1882, The main goal of the First Aliyah was to have the Jewish settlers immigrate to Israel. -
Dreyfus Affair
Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish, French military captain, was falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans. Because of this Alfred Dreyfus was sentenced to life in prison. Jews all over France (at first) were treated differently, as if they weren’t even people. There was an event where they were taking away Dryfus's uniform and sword. During this event the people were chanting death to the Jews. This is a factor for Anti-Semitism rising in Europe. -
First Zionist Congress
Chaired by Theodore Hertzl, The First Zionist Congress created a Zionist platform, known as the Basel program, and founded the Zionist Organization. It also took the Hatikvah as its anthem. -
The First Zionist Congress
In the 1897 the organization, The First Zionist Congress was established in order to assist Zionist leader Theodore Herzl in creation a Zionist state. The initial focus of the congress was on gaining international and diplomatic support to sustain the probability of creating the Zionist state. Progressing international and diplomatic support also makes it it possible to sustain the country if they are successful in the end. -
J'accuse
J'accuse was an open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper by Émile Zola. In the letter, Émile addressed President of France, Félix Faure, and accused the government of anti-Semitism towards the false accusation of Alfred Dreyfus -
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The protocols of the elders of zion is an antisemitic hoax that describes the Jewish plan for global domination. It was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and spread internationally. -
Uganda Plan
In 1903, Great Britain looked at giving the Jews a piece of land in East Africa (roughly where Uganda is). This possibility brought up a debate of if a Jewish state could be in a land other than Israel (Palestine at the time). The two political parties, the right wing and the left wing party debated and the majority of the congress felt that the Jewish homeland should be in Israel (Palestine). -
Russo-Japanese War
A military conflict in which Japan (winners) forced Russia (losers) to abandon its territory policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. This war started because of the Russian - Japanese rivalry for Korea and Manchuria. -
Zionism
1904- Herzl dies leaving a Movement divided in to deciding where to have the Jewish Homeland, he didn’t care about the religious aspect of it.
Germany wasn’t concerned where it was. Ahad Ha’am or Asher - Jews return to Jewish Homeland and unite as one. Argument- Unify Jews because not all would come to Israel.
Herzl tries to create Jewish State anywhere he could, meets everyone to get support and land -
Pale of Settlement Established
The Pale of Settlement was when a term was given to The Imperial Russia that states that the Jews have permanent residency. The Jews were excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale, while a limited number of Jews were allowed to live outside it. -
Russian Revolution (1905)
A protest directed towards the Russian Government. There were workers on strike, and then peasants and the military rebelling agaisnt the government. This led to the Constitution making changes such as the establishment of the State of Duma and eventually the Russian constitutuion in 1906. This Revolution started because of agrarian problems, the nationallity problems, labor problems, and the educated class problem. After a few days after the workers rebelled, the cities had no electricity. -
Bloody Sunday
In St Petersburg, unarmed protesters led by Georgy Gapon were fired at by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II. This event is considered the start of the revolution in 1905 -
Second Aliyah
The second Aliyah was from 1905-1914. The experience of the pogroms were horrible, so by the time they arrived they were celebratory and they were committed to socialist ideas. This meant that they relied on their own manual labor to support themselves. The Jewish National Fund purchased land for the Jews to settle in. -
Schlieffen Plan/Great Britain Declares War on Germany
The Germans were planning to march their troops through Belgium and surround France. The Germans thought that the French would surrender. The problem was that Belgium was neutral and if Germany marched through Belgium, Belgium could no longer stay neutral. The Germans went through with it anyways. Also, the European countries aggreed to keep Belgium neutral. Great Britain condemned that Germany did this, so they declared war on Germany. -
Serbian Independance
- Serbian Independence In 1908 Austria annexes Bosnia and Serbia wants independence from Bosnia. Serbian nationalists scheme to assassinate Archduke of Austria- Ferdinand in order to gain their desired independence from Bosnia.
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Women Joined the Workforce
With men joining to serve in the Great War, women had to fill in the role of jobs of men. Women were convienient workers because they were willing to work harder and cheaper than men. Women also felt liberated because they felt like true citizens and were able to earn their own pay. Also, women started wearing new clothes because of the safety requirements for certain jobs such as factories. When the men returned from war women were so accustomed to working that they did not want to stop. -
Morale of the War
The Europeans citizens were so excited for the war. There were parades and music all over the cities. The soldiers thought that they would be home by Christmas (a few months). Everyone was so happy and thought the war was going to be a breeze. When the soldiers went to fight they were not ready. The war was nothing like they thought it would be. They weren’t prepared and it was going on for a lot longer than they thought it would. -
Start of the War
The war was caused by many things including the scramble for Africa. All European countries were fighting over areas of land in Africa. An organization established, Berlin Conference was in charge of dividing up the land to different countries.
Resistance was erupting in colonized areas groups of people were meeting with weapons and tried reforming and changing traditions in order to appear more European. Ethiopia began constructing schools, modernize technology and trained a military. -
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
At the time, Bosnia was under control of Austria-Hungary which the Bosnian people were not happy with. On June 28, 1914, Ferdinand and his wife planned to visit Bosnia where they would go to City Hall for lunch before inspecting the troops. A terrorist group called the Black Hand planned to kill the Archduke on that day. In the car ride, the driver took a wrong turn and the Archduke's pregnant wife was shot in the stomach, and the Archduke was shot in the neck. -
New Inudstrial Weapons
The new weapons changed the war. There were new inventions of submarines, machine guns, planes, poison gas, flamethrower, grenade launchers, tanks, airplanes, and the Zeppelin. This completely changed how the wars were fought. Instead of it being a strategic fight like before, it was just an all out brawl now. There was no strategy. It was just who had the more powerful weapons. -
US Enters the War
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
May 1915 - German U-boatssinks British Liner - Lusitania
128 were US Citizens
The US does not join the war because of this
Early 1917 - ZImmerman note
British intercept message from German minister to abassador in Mexico
In exchange for support in the war - Germany would help mexico reconquer land taken by US in the Mexico-American War
April 1917 - US declares war on Germany - Now US is in the war
US provided - troops, moeny, supplies
provides Morale for allies -
Russian Revolution (1917 part 1 continued)
take them seriously. March 2nd, Czar Nicholas II abdicated from the throne. -
Russian Revolution (1917 part 1)
Women who worked in facotires left to go protest on nation women day. About 90,000 women marched through the streets of Russia yelling, "Bread" and "Down With the Autocracy!" and "Stop the War!" They were working long hours to support their family while their husbands were at war (WWI). The next day more than 150,000 men and women took the streats to protest and soon the cities were basically shut down because their were no workers. Czar Nicholas heard reports about these protests but he didnt -
Zimmerman Telegram
This is one of the major events leading up to the United States joining the war. The British deciphered telegraph messages from Germany to Mexico to form an alliance. Germany promised Mexico financial help and parts of the United States such as New Mexico, Arizona and Texas in return for their help. -
Russian Revolution (1917 part 2 Continued)
factions), and non-Bolshevik socialists. It continued for several years. The Bolsheviks defeated both the Whites and all rival socialists. In a way, the Revolution made the way for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922. -
Russian Revolution (1917 part 2)
The Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the workers' Soviets, overthrew the Provisional Government in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks appointed themselves as leaders of various government ministries and took control of the countryside, establishing the Cheka to reject opionions. To end Russia’s participation in the First World War, the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918.Civil war erupted among the "Reds" (Bolsheviks), the "Whites" (anti-socialist -
The Balfour Declaration
Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour wrote a decleration to Britain's most respected Jewish citizen Baron Lionel Walter Rothschild. In the decleration he conveyed the British government's support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Prime Minister David Lloyd George was elected in 1916 and publicly supported Zionism. Britain's leaders hoped that a formal decleration in favor of Zionism would recieve Jewish support for the Allies in neutral countries, the United States, and Russia. -
Russian Civil War
There were two sides. There were the reds (Communists)(Lenin) and there were the whites (everyone else who did not like the communists). The Reds won the war. They change the name of Russia to the USSR or the Soviet Union. They change the flag from white red and blue to a red flag with a circle and a hammer. -
German Nationalism
Germany and the rest of Europe were going in to transition mode to becoming nationalist countries. Europe began to attempt to unite with 3 different wars. Austrian leader Otto Van Bismarck led Prussia into 3 wars, Danish war (first war) Schleswig and Holstein (territory between Germany and Denmark)
Southern state was entirely German, northern was a mix of German and Danish
Danish comes and takes over both territories. Bismarck upset, aligned himself with Austria in 1864 to liberate these 2 larg -
Treaty Of Versailles
The Treaty Of Versailles is the document that declares the end of World War I. The document calirifies that Germany has been defeated. The victors of the war, France and Great Britain demand that Germany pay the reparations for the damages caused by the war. Adolf Hitler agrees to the terms ad takes power over Germany. -
Italian Unification
In October 1922 an Italian leader, Benitio Mussolini had his army take control over the capital city of Rome by force. When this happned the King of Italy, Victor Emanuel made him a deal where they would become a part of their Government. -
Mussolini Comes to Power
In March 1919, Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini formed the Fascist Party. Many of his supporters were unemployed war veterans who became a armed squads called the Black Shirts. On October 1922, there was much political turmoil in Italy. The Black Shirts marched into Rome and Mussolini promised to be the only one who could restore order. King Victor Emanuel invited Mussolini to form a government. In 1925, he named himself dictator with the title "Il Duce". -
Lenin Dies
Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, dies from a brain hemorrhage at the age of 54. his body was preserved and placed in a mausoleum near the Moscow. Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honor. -
Hitler Comes to Power
In 1931, Hitler campaigns against Paul von Hindenburg for presidency but fails to win. In January 1933, Hitler becomes chancellor of a coalition government. In February 1933, the German Reichstag is destroyed and Hitler is recieved more power through the Enabling Act. During this time he turns Germany into a dictatorship and only allows the Nazi party in Germany. -
British White Paper
The British invited Stephen Wise (a great American Jewish leader of his time), and other other Zionist leaders from America and Palestine to participate in a peace conference with Arab leaders. Britain passed a White Paper that restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British mandate. It also reinterpreted the Balfour Declaration and declared that Britain did not plan to build a Jewish state on Palestine. -
World War II Begins
Germany's desire for expansion of land was the main trigger of World War II. Germany disobeyed the Treaty of Versailles and began conquering land throughout Europe. On September 1 1939, the German invasion of Poland is remembered as the start of World War II. More than 50 millions deaths occured during the war, marking this war as the deadliest war in history. -
Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941, Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. Over 2,000 American soldiers died in the attack and about 1,000 were wounded. 20 American naval vessels were destroyed, this included eight huge battleships, and 200 airplanes. -
D-Day
D-Day also known as Operation Overlord was the day when 156,000 American, British, and Canadian troops landed on five beaches along the coast of France's Normandy region. In late August of 1944, the all of northern France was liberated and secured. D-Day is known as the beginning to the end of World War II. -
Victory in Europe Day
This is the day Great Britian and the United States celebrate Victory in Europe Day. May 8th is known as the day that the Germans finally surrendered to losing the war. All over Britain there were street parties and crowds of people on the streets celebrating. -
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Towards the end of World War II, and American B-29 bomber bombed the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
The explosion killed 90 percent of the city and killed 80,000 people. Later, many people died from radiation exposure.
Three days later, another B-29 dropped another atomic bomb on the city of Nasaki, killing 40,000 people. On August 15, Japan's emperor surrendered in World War II.
