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The Arc
The Arc was the first organization that put money towards research for intellectual and developmental disabilities. Concerned parents and loved ones came together to create a program in light of children with disabilities. Overtime The Arc has worked towards diminishing the usage of the "r-word".
(https://thearc.org/about-us/history/) -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Brown v. Board of Education is a case in which the U.S Supreme Court ruled that U.S state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. This decision marked a turning point in history for racial relations. To this day all students regardless of their skin type are considered equal -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act funds primary and secondary schools. Funds are authorized for professional development, instructional materials, resources to support educational programs, and the promotion of parental involvement as mandated in the act. The act was made to empower students with a valuable education. -
Educational Amendments Act
President Gerald Ford cleared the way for increased federal spending for the education of handicapped children by signing the law. August 21, 1974, Ford signed the act into law, and on November 19, 1974, it became effective. There is currently, state funding for students with disabilities and students who are gifted and talented, due process rights for students/families -
The Education for all Handicapped Children Act
In 1975, The United States Congress enacted The Education for all Handicapped Children Act. This act demanded that all public schools accept federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with disabilities. The act defines a least restrictive environment. -
Honig v. Doe
The Honig v. Doe decision states that schools can not expel students for behaviors related to their disability. The case focused on two students, John Doe and Jack Smith, who were suspended as part of expulsion proceedings. The case represents the principle of "zero reject"; it is unacceptable to change the placement of the student from school due to their disability. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
The Individuals with DisabilitiesEducation Act mandates special education services for children ages three to twenty-one and extends services for infants from birth to age two. This act replaces the Education of the Handicapped Act. The act ensures that children with disabilities have access to a free appropriate public education with the assistance of services that meet their individual needs. -
Cedar Rapids Community School Dist. v. Garret F.
The Cedar Rapids Community School Dist. v. Garret F. Case states that students must receive the supplemental services needed to attend school. The school district declined to accept financial responsibility for Garret's services in order for him to be able to attend school. That is why the case was brought to the court's attention. -
No Child Left Behind Act
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) increases accountability and flexibility in the use of federal funds, offers school choice options, implements early reading interventions. The law penalized schools that didn't show improvement. The goal of NCLB was to provide equal educational opportunities for disadvantaged students.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0--2nhsDorg) -
Winkelman v. Parma City School District
Jeff and Sandee Winkelman claimed that Parma City School District failed to give their disabled son Jacob a "free appropriate public education" as required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This case had great significance because it ensured that parents can claim on belah of IDEA. The Winkelman v. Parma City School District states that parents may pursue IDEA claims on their behalf, independent of their child’s rights
