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During the 16th and 17th centuries individuals with special needs were classified as "idiots"
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Influence was Europe indicated to have a more hands on approach to learning
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Children were only generally educated until the age of 10. At that point they left to work on a farm or a trade.
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"Required public education created the need for developing programs and services for a large number of students and administrative leadership" (Handbook of Leadership and Administration for Special Education, Pazey and Yates, 19)
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In the late 1800's and early 1900's individuals with disabilities underwent a process to reduce their ability to procreate and, therefore, a planned reduction in the special needs population. Individuals whom would not undergo the eugenics process were then separated from the rest of society.
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An increase in tuberculous, caused students to be educated in a hospital setting to allow for rest
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During the early 1900's individuals whom were deemed unfit for society were placed in institutions or locked in facilities. For this reason, administrators were hired to run these centers.
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William Maxwell was the Superintendent of New York and appointed Elizabeth Farrell to become the first special education administrator. She organized and supervised programs, reviews, admission, and dismissal among other tasks. Her efforts, along with Maxwell, can be considered the first time organized Special Education programs were put into place. They started the Psycho-Educational Clinic.
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William Maxwell was the Superintendent in New York and appointed Elizabeth Farrell the first special education administrator.
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New assessment to gauge intellect through 5 areas of cognitive ability.
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Due to an increase in polio diagnosis, schools needed to alter desks and buildings to meet the needs of students.
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National Association of State Directors of Special Education started (as per Facebook. Current NASDSE website is down.)
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Discovered a need for someone with familiarity in the areas of special education as well as possess specific understanding on the vast needs of the special needs population.
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Dr. Mackie collects data regarding instances of individuals with disabilities. During her data collection there is a 500% growth in the number of students in a special education program.
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The National Association of Retarded Children (ARC) form and spent the 19050's lobbying Congress for support.
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This legal case ended racial segregation in education which promoted conversations of equal opportunities for individuals with special needs.
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Congress allocated a million dollar a year to support teaching and education for children and youth with intellectual disabilities.
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Despite changes in Congress, states were still selective in their interpretation of the law.
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Leo Connor provided a handbook meant to primarily demonstrate efforts on training of individuals whom work with individuals with special needs.
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Following Kennedy's inauguration there is more attention placed on those with disabilities.
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Mackie's data and with Kirk as Director of Division of Handicapped Children and Youth there was a more formalized role in how federal government impacted special education.
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The term "least restrictive environment" is coined by Reynolds. This is the first time this phrase is used to discuss placement of a student's program and needs.
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Kirk uses the term "learning disability" to describe students, thus widening the umbrella as to whom qualifies for services.
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funds are authorized for professional development, instructional materials, resources to support educational programs, and the promotion of parental involvement
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University Council for Education Administration is formed to improve training for education administrators.
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Willenberg shares his opinion that stresses that special education administrators shall have duties similar to an administrator yet more specific to special education.
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Koppitz created assessments to measure for learning difficulties.
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Education for All Handicapped Children Act passed and indicates that public school are to provide access to education.
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Despite 20 universities providing training to teachers only 6 states required certification. Also, 23 states had no requirements for directors of Special Education. 1965- 4 Universities 1971- 20 Universities
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Movement in which leaders go beyond their job title.
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Initiation of the current special education laws for students. Students from ages birth-21 are covered under the IDEA. This law is also a challenge in special education as it protects parents and students in terms of due process.
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The 90's saw an increase students with disabilities being included in the general education classroom, but there was great conflict over whom was responsible for those students. Conflicts between general administrators and special education administrators emerged.
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Students were issued access to the general education curriculum as well as a shift in preparing principals for a variety of learners.
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The reauthorization of IDEA unveiled a new model (Response to Intervention) of student identification. RTI places responsibility on General Education teachers in terms of data collection and generally does not include the special education administrator.
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27 states require a license or certificate for director of special education director and only 5 states offered special education administration endorsements. (Crocket, Page 57)
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1) Attitudes of leaders towards the inclusion of students with disabilities
2) knowledge of special education law
3) knowledge and capacity to ensure the delivery of effective special education
4) ways to create supportive and inclusive learning environments -
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Some states are starting to create their own standards for leadership program https://www.education.pa.gov/Documents/Teachers-Administrators/Certification%20Preparation%20Programs/Specific%20Program%20Guidelines/SupervisorofSpecialEducation.pdf
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Chapter 3 shared many of my reasons for pursing this certification. Pennsylvania has a strict set of criteria for those pursing a supervisor certificate.
