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Brown v. Board of Education
First school desegregation case where it was decided that separate is not equal - in regards to schools that were segregated. This case was the first win for minority citizens when it came to education and set the precedent for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act that came later. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
Public Law 88-164
One of first efforts put toward special education. Funds were given for training professionals to work with exceptional children and for research for children with IDD and deafness. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-77/pdf/STATUTE-77-Pg282.pdf -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Decided that the right to a free and public education included children with disabilities. https://www.pubintlaw.org/cases-and-projects/pennsylvania-association-for-retarded-citizens-parc-v-commonwealth-of-pennsylvania/ -
Mills v. Board of Education
Lack of funds is not an appropriate excuse for lack of providing services to students with exceptionalities. If there are not enough funds, there should not be programs. https://www.leagle.com/decision/19721214348fsupp86611090.xml -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Declares that it is illegal to deny an individual with disabilities the right to participate in an activity or program simply because of the disability. Individuals with disabilities must have equal access to said programs. https://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/sec504.htm -
Public Law 94-142 - Education for All Handicapped Children Act
all disabled children have access to a free public education that is appropriate to their needs and emphasizes special education. Six provisions to the law were made, including zero reject, nondiscriminatory evaluation, individualized education program, least restrictive environment, due process, and parental participation. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/idea35/history/index_pg10.html -
Larry P. v. Riles
Diagnosis that includes the child's cultural and linguistic background is necessary before placing a child into special education. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/495/926/2007878/ -
Jose P. v. Ambach
Dual-language backgrounds need to be taken into account for bilingual children with exceptionalities when it comes to identification, evaluation, and educational procedures. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/557/1230/2239099/ -
Board of Education v. Rowley
First court decision that put a limit on resources for children with exceptionalities. Said that children with exceptionalities were entitled to an appropriate education, not an optimum education. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/458/176/ -
Public Law 99-457 - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Title of Education of the Handicapped Act was changed. Emphasized importance of early intervention. Allocated federal funds for programs from birth on. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-100/pdf/STATUTE-100-Pg1145.pdf -
Javits Act
Money was given to support research programs for gifted students from disadvantaged backgrounds, or circumstances. The programs have continued to help provide alternative ways of measuring and identifying intellectual abilities. https://www.nagc.org/resources-publications/resources-university-professionals/jacob-javits-gifted-talented-students -
Polk v. Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16
Services for children with exceptionalities should be de minimum - should provide sufficient support for child. https://www.leagle.com/decision/19881024853f2d1711996 -
Barnett v. Fairfax County Board of Education
Student was allowed to attend a school that wasn't local to child's home because program at the special school better met the needs of the child who had a hearing disability. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/721/757/1420121/ -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Individuals with disabilities are given civil rights through the Civil Rights Act of 1964. https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/1990s/ada.html -
Oberti v. Board of Education of the Corough of Clementon School District
Said that it is up to the schools to determine that a child with exceptionalities is not benefitting from inclusion services and is disrupting other students in a way that prevents them from learning. https://www.pubintlaw.org/cases-and-projects/oberti-v-board-of-education-of-the-borough-of-clementon/ -
No Child Left Behind Act
Created to hold schools accountable and prove they were effective based on test data. Students with exceptionalities had difficulty achieving the necessary goal of gaining one year academically every year in school, or on the other hand students with special talents were far passing the necessary requirements because of the mandated standards. https://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/no-child-left-behind-overview-definition-summary.html -
IDEA
Created to improve earlier version of Education for All Handicapped Children Act. The reauthorization included changes such as improved quality of personnel - specialists need state certifications and license to teach special education. IEPs must be improved, and transition planning must be included for students who it is deemed appropriate for. https://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/ -
Winkleman v. Parma City School District
Supreme Court decision that parental involvement in special education process is integral for child to receive appropriate free and public education. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-983.ZO.html -
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
Funds were given to education to improve early intervention programs including programs that included children with disabilities, in a larger attempt to improve the economy of the US. $500 million in federal funds were given to children age birth-2, $400 million in federal funds were given to children age 3-5. https://www.grants.gov/learn-grants/grant-policies/recovery-act-2009.html -
ESSA
The Every Student Succeeds Act, signed by President Obama, changed No Child Left Behind to give states and local governments more control, and also reduced emphasis on standardized testing. It helped special education programs be able to give their students more individualized instruction to help better meet their needs. It was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act signed by President Obama. https://www.ed.gov/essa