-
Period: 600 to 800
Gregorian Chant(Middle Ages)
Is the musical repertoire in wich the Roman Catholic Church complied its liturgical plainsongs.
The name was in honour of Gregory the Great.
The main characteristics:
1.Monophonic texture,without instrumental accopaniment.
2.Modal scales in free time.
3.Latin with a religious theme.
4.Performed by male voices, alternates between a soloist or choir or between 2 choirs.
Example of gregorian chant that includes all the characteristics :https://youtu.be/lo-yb-UDBHA -
800
Liturgical polyphony
In the 9th century a second vice was added to plainsongs this is how polyphony was born.
This new type of music became more and more complex over the time ans it took the perfection in the 16th century.
Musical notation was also evolving,because a more precise system was needed to write the rythmic richness of more complex polyphony. -
800
Secular vocal music in the Middle Ages.
Appeared around the 9th century ,it passed orally.
Main characteristics:
1.Monophonic texture,with instruments for accompainment.
2.Modal scales and rythmic modes.
3.Designed for entertainment.
4.Local lenguaje.
5.Male and female voices.
It was played by minstrels
that had 2 functions:
1.Some performed in village and city squares for entertain common people.
2.Court minstrelswere part of the court.
https://goo.gl/images/4PE41q Minstrels photo. -
800
Songbooks
The most famous were:
Cantigas de Santa María from the reing of the King Alfonso X
https://youtu.be/nj5Bc8zwwU0
Cantigas de amigo written in Galician-Portuguese ( woman told her sadness because of his lover known by "amigo" to the nature or other woman)
https://youtu.be/cRdec9FYbBI -
800
Instrumental Music in the Middle Ages.
The Catholic Church only allowed the organ in liturgy and no other instruments for this reason instruments were only used in secular music.Nobody wrote these compositions down , so we don't have a faithful record of what they were like. -
800
First rules of musical notation
The Gregorian Chant needed to be writed down to make sure it was performed in similar way in all the places
So this is how the first rules of musical notation.
First symbols were called neumes, they were written on top of the words to show the changes of the pitch,it show the pitch more precisely but not their duration.
Depending on the relationship between the notes of the melodyand the syllables of the text:
Syllabic:1 note per syllabe
Neumatic:a small group.
Melismatic:a lot of notes. -
800
Main forms of liturgical polyphony
Organum:the earliest one.The main voice was a Gregorian Melody and the second ,parrallelvoice was added.
https://youtu.be/SgHzH5iDcGQ
Discantus:appeared later.A new voice was added to the Gregorian Melody and a second voice in contrary motion.
https://youtu.be/hFuduVIT5P4
Conductus:new composition for 2 or 4 voices.Same text was sung by all the voices,with the same rythm and the same syllabic style.
https://youtu.be/naap4CWanv0 -
Period: 992 to 1050
Guido d'Arezzo
Was a teacher in the catedral school in Arezzo(Italy).
He was the inventor of the Guidonian hand he invented the four-line stave.
He didn't take into account the nte SI because people thought this note belonged to the devil.
He also gave the name Ut to the note that we call DO today.
This is how it works:
https://youtu.be/eBq-S_QdU2U (watch it since 1:09)
This i an example of how they sang with th Guidonian hand:https://youtu.be/RlleweQuq14. -
1200
Goliards
Were wandering clerics or mendicant students ,many of them wrote poetry in Latin,wich was often satirical or critical of the Church . -
Period: 1260 to
Mensural notation
Started to be used at the end of the 13th century.
This included the first symbols related to mettre and assigned different note values depending on the duration of the note.
Here we have more information abourt mensural notation and what symbols it had:
https://www.britannica.com/art/mensural-notation -
1400
Instruments from the Renaissance
Polyphonic:can perform several sounds at the same time.
String instruments:
Lute:https://youtu.be/bq126uwwOBo / https://goo.gl/images/NJgP3Z
Vihuela:https://youtu.be/duHMeCndpjo / https://goo.gl/images/gwm5Zq
Viol:https://youtu.be/Gay1MX9Z0z4 / https://goo.gl/images/mk5YEb
Keyboard:
Clavichord:https://youtu.be/GWOhzki9TGg
Monophonic:(they only can play 1 sound so they have to be played in group)
Wind instruments:
Shawm: https://goo.gl/images/TK3nDM / https://youtu.be/7KZwzFMefU8 -
Period: 1400 to
Religious vocal music in the Renaissance
Motet:It already existed in the Middle Ages but it became more important religious and with more parts in the Renaissance.
Pictures:https://goo.gl/images/TepftN
Video:https://youtu.be/9mdmco61Htk
Mass:a composition with liturgical text written in Latin.It was based on the fixed parts of the religious ceremony.
Video:https://youtu.be/9yT0kLA6DHA
Chorale :most common in the Protestant liturgy,written in vernacular simple texture.
Video:https://youtu.be/Fdw7K1DBPO4 -
Period: 1440 to
Instrumental Music in the Renaissance
The Curch still prohibed instruments in liturgy so instrumental music remained secular. It began to grow in importance because for the first time it was indepentant from vocal music. Music began to be composed and written in a more formal way ,and new musical forms appeared. -
1450
Instrumental forms
Tiento:(compositions based on vocal music) music:https://youtu.be/y9cBFA6LcGg
Toccata:(compositions with an improvisational feel)
Andrea Gabrieli (c.1533-1585) - Toccata del nono tono (M. Raschietti - Organ) https://youtu.be/FLlQWVwlSjM
Diferencias:(consisted of the exposition of a short musical theme followed by some variations)
https://youtu.be/RVXgINu22fc -
Period: 1450 to
Renaissance textures
Imitative counter point:is a type of polyphony with several but independant melodic lines that imitate each other starting one after the other.The simplest - canon
Picture https://goo.gl/images/gd15Do Audio:https://youtu.be/UN1dFq0jK-U Homorhythmic homophony:several melodic lines tha move simultaneously. Melody-dominated homophony:One melodi line can be identified with a harmonic accompaiment.
Picture: https://goo.gl/images/MJPAXc
Audio: -
Period: 1450 to
Secular vocal music in the Renaissance.
Main forms:
Madrigal:developed in Italy ,describe feelings throuout the union of text and music and it was written in vernacular.
Video:https://youtu.be/4j3ZcStxNpw
Songs:In England 1 voice with instrumental accompainment.
Video:https://youtu.be/bq126uwwOBo
Chansons:France severl voices with instrumental accompainment.
Video:https://youtu.be/YGqvsSn5wJ8
Spain:Lyrics in spanish.
Villancico:https://youtu.be/9db4ocgfmCw
Romance:https://youtu.be/1pNU46ptHvY
Ensalada:https://youtu.be/KBvRaqv4CXI -
1500
Renaissance dances
The dances were usually performed at social events,there where no musical improvisation and every dances had his coreography.
The best-known:
Pavane:(wwith duple metre and slow tempo) https://youtu.be/hVBlFUb0g60
Galliard:(with triple metre and lively tempo) https://youtu.be/r4MAt3eqtPU
Branle:(with duple or quadrupal metre and moderate tempo)https://youtu.be/gZyiQpUXIAM
Sarabande:(with triple metre and slow tempo)https://youtu.be/NRCKoSWH0qo -
Instrumental music from the Baroque.
Fugue:1 movement based on the same ideas(imitative counter point)
https://youtu.be/FozNWcfOt6Y
Suite:based on the dances from the Renaissance.
https://youtu.be/AAO1LviKAPk
Sonata:combines slow and fast tempos.
https://youtu.be/9VChusdIqU4
Concerto:3 types concerto grosso ( https://youtu.be/RydMnTCwJvQ),conccertino (https://youtu.be/JUr8qHCu2YQ) and solo concertó (https://youtu.be/C8ycH2nEqNY) -
Religious vocal music in the Baroque period.
The polychoralism started to be used and it make music more dramatic.
The diffrent compositions:
Cantata:at first it was secular but the church used it to promote critsian ideas.(https://youtu.be/9vsaDIs_1-I)
Oratorio:similar to opera but with a religious plot and a large choir.(https://youtu.be/Ml9mBZIhil4)
Passion:similar to oratorio but the theme was the death and the passion of God and it was inspired by the gospel.(https://youtu.be/jm1os4VzTgA) -
Baroque dance and ballet.
Baroque dance (https://youtu.be/cZWDrjLO7r4)
typical clothes for this dances: https://goo.gl/images/12tvnX and https://goo.gl/images/jqZ8Bm Court ballet:(https://youtu.be/-Cmdv71JrVE)
Typical clothes:https://goo.gl/images/CNvsfz -
Baroque Instruments
Chordophones:violin(https://goo.gl/images/eM3PMp),viola (https://goo.gl/images/XPi2n8),cello (https://goo.gl/images/wVx9y4), double bass (https://goo.gl/images/zWnbbR) and Baroque guitar (https://goo.gl/images/Go2HUk)
Aerophones:flute(https://goo.gl/images/Qs6M1C),oboe(https://goo.gl/images/6tjuBi) and trumpet(https://goo.gl/images/m5AVE7)
Membranophones:Kettkedrums (https://goo.gl/images/RBG5Vd) -
Period: to
Baroque Music
This period started with the appereance of the opera and ended with the dead of Johan Sebastian Bach.
Instrumental music became as important as vocal music.
Main characteristics of Baroque Music:
1.Arouse emotions and spectacular performances.
2.Contrasting elements.
3.Based on diatonic scales(they sound familiar for us)
4.Insistent,mechanical rhythm ,strong and repeated beats.
5.Melody -dominated music. -
Period: to
Basso continuo.(Baroque period)
Vocal and instrumental music was composed with the texture of melody-dominated music.
https://youtu.be/0BLr7Yt_ehw
Instrument of a higher register performed by the melody accompained by a base(polyphonic instrument or an instrument of a lower register) -
Period: to
Instrumental music (Baroque period)
It became important in the Baroque period.
Thanks to technical developments in instruments and the work of grate luthierssuch as Antonio Stradivari(https://youtu.be/7hxOZOIuB-U)
Appeared the first virtuosos and it also saw the birth of the orchestra(each musician aimed for the perfection).
Example of classical music https://youtu.be/SaCheA6Njc4 -
Period: to
Baroque Orchestra
A group of musicians that played together in an organised group,it consisted in:
Basso continuo,string instruments(bowed),wind (woodwind and brass) and percussion (2 kettledrums).
https://goo.gl/images/S9iwTx / https://goo.gl/images/nyRmJU
The important part was performed by the strings.
https://youtu.be/_q8ygedkrdU -
Period: to
Opera (Baroque period)
Secular vocal form,it revive the classical Greek theatre and it first appeared in Italy.
Important things:
Libretto:where the play is written ( https://goo.gl/images/2qtAEa )
Opera seria:dramatic,written in Italian and theme was mithologycor about heros (https://youtu.be/3oSsnrtQeVw)
Opera buffa:comical,written in vernacular avery day themes (https://youtu.be/aiNDcJ7x30w)
Parts:overture,interlude,recitative,aria and chorus,the 2 first ones instrumental and the other ones are vocal instrumental. -
Instrumental music in the Classical period
New instruments:
Woodwind instruments-
Clarinet:single-reed mouthpiece and keys.Appeared in the 18th century.Mozart composed many pieces.https://goo.gl/images/nB37Gc / https://youtu.be/7uQTGrn-yZ4
Brass instrument-
French horn:conical mouthpiece and a long tuve curled into a circular shape.It becamemore important in the orchestra.https://goo.gl/images/xhVp3X / https://youtu.be/PLHC8I8RwMg
Struck string instruments-
Piano:keyboard instrument that was invented in 1700.https://youtu.be/jgpJVI3tDbY -
Period: to
Instrumental forms (Classical period)
The most important music form is the sonata.In this period its strucuture became more clearly defined.
Form:sonata form, I ,ABA'
Form:theme and variations, II ,AA1A2A3...
Form:Minuet, III ,ABA
Form:rondon,IV,ABACA
Depending on the ensemble:
Sonata:1-2 soloist
Trio,quartet….:different chamber
Symphony:orchestra
Concerto:soloist and orchestra
https://youtu.be/Fengf7GDZ1M -
Opera seria in the Classical period
The main composer was Christoph Willibald Gluck (https://goo.gl/images/kQbR49)
He laid its foundations,with a three-act structure,mythological or historical plots,simple arias and more expressive recitatives.
https://youtu.be/NZl_jErhlhY -
Opera buffa in the Classial period.
Originated in Naples (Italy) at the start of the 18th century.
It aimed to entertain a wide audience who didn't need to have a musical knowledge.
The plots were about everyday situation,applying comedy or romance in a lenguaje the audience could understand.
Mozart the main composer.
https://youtu.be/oknX-Gi6f5k (The Marriage of Figaro) -
Religious vocal music in the Classical period
It was in a declining situation,however the Baroque musical forms were still practised.
The requiem (a mass for the dead)
The main composer: Mozart
https://youtu.be/sPlhKP0nZII( Requiem in D minor )
Mozart died and his composition was unfinished. -
Period: to
Vocal music (Classical period) The reform of the opera.
The opera experienced many changes:
-Plots were a closer reflection of the lieves of the audience.
-Music reflected the dramatic action and the characters
-Chorus became more relevant
-Orchestra became more important
https://goo.gl/images/BR3qrJ -
Period: to
Music in the Classical period.
Classical music is the term we use to talk about formal music in general and in a strictly way the music composed in the Classical period.Main composers:
Haydn:https://goo.gl/images/gupBpB
Mozart:https://goo.gl/images/ppQn4v
Beethoven:https://goo.gl/images/KkHwiQ
This music was a reaction to Baroque overelaborate ornamentarion.
-Balanced,clear and bright.
-Aimed musical perfection
-Well-defined structures and smooth transitions
-Short musical phrases
-Simple harmony
-Melody-dominated homophony -
Period: to
The Classical period in Spain
This period cincided withe the englihgtened despotism.
Important composers:
-Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga (nicknamed as "the Spanish Mozart")
https://goo.gl/images/yWyqCT / https://youtu.be/Y5eks6UTTMs
-Fernando Sor (well known for his Works for guitar)
https://goo.gl/images/yfV5Mn / https://youtu.be/rEota4mmJnc
-Vicente Martín y Soler ( cpmposer of many operas with an Italian style, he worked with Mozart in Vienna)
https://goo.gl/images/2HTCyD / https://youtu.be/fSD8n0Q2oUc -
Classical dance.
The court dances were still danced but a dance from the Baroque period became more important:The MINUET (ABA structure) https://youtu.be/5j6ok5vWYSA
Dance coreography began to be separated from opera and become a new genre in its own.
Jean-Grorges Noverre created ballet d'action (https://youtu.be/U3OdDDEs3lg)
The modern ballet includes new innovations:
-The music was composed to seve the coreography
-Body used in an expresive way
-Costumes were adapted
-More professional dancers
-Included woman -
The orchestra in Classical period.
In this period the orchestra adapted to new instruments,the french horn,piano and clarinet it also amplified tha bowed strings sections.
It appeared the orchestra conductor https://goo.gl/images/38z1PQ whose function was to coordinate everybody's performance.
Concert halls wee built to suit new enssembles https://goo.gl/images/UtQm59
https://youtu.be/AIcrX6DdhK4 -
Instrumental music in the Romantic period
Bass clarinet-https://youtu.be/jSZtX3WHF_E
Contrabasson-https://youtu.be/JVAe7YBUc6c
English horn-https://youtu.be/0HhrxVx1Ztc
Saxophone-https://goo.gl/images/ATdxmN
Trombone-https://youtu.be/t-LqSo34jNY
Tuba-https://youtu.be/PzH4XAv9ZCQ
Percussion-https://goo.gl/images/fLqA7Y -
Period: to
Musical nationalism
Nationalism defended the lenguages and musical traditioons from their countries of origin ,but they were also attracted by exotic melodies of other places.
The most important countries:
Russia:Tchaikovsky(https://youtu.be/nyU76cAH1gA),Mussorgsky(https://youtu.be/_RyLq5Pbw8M)
Hungary:Bartók(he started ethnomusicology:the study of folk music)https://youtu.be/xaQvPhVvQaY
Spain:Albeinz(https://youtu.be/pssZnVi_h2I),Sarasate(https://youtu.be/sAh273-bQ0s) -
Zarzuela in Romantic period
From Spain,it appeared in the 17th century but the most famous compositions were created in the 19th century.
It is formed by 3 parts :prelude,couplets and spoken parts and it uses folk and local elements.
Zarzuela grande:3 acts (https://youtu.be/ywu7UwTO5C8)
Genero chico:1 act (https://youtu.be/ZeVv3iuExmg) -
Lied Romantic period
It is Germany and it means song.The lied is a poem set to simple music accompained by the piano.
Composition of Franz Schubert (https://youtu.be/Qq2nmlV5VRw)
Composition from Robert Schumann(https://youtu.be/vuuV14zfnJ8) -
Period: to
Symphonic music Romantic period
In the Romantic period appeared the symphony orchestra as we know today.
The wind and percussion section grew
Symphony(https://youtu.be/_9RT2nHD6CQ) and concerto(https://youtu.be/Im5P2dgFqq0) stood out.
Very popular-https://youtu.be/GRxofEmo3HA
Programme music-https://youtu.be/ledg3A1b7vo
Programme symphony-consisting in several movements
Symphonic poem-https://youtu.be/CcfNhtz5O9Y -
Period: to
Opera in the Romantic period.
Favourite type of performance of the burgeoise:
Italy:bel canto(expresive)https://youtu.be/Q3dl-Crkig8
Verismo(realism) https://goo.gl/images/qcpMr8
France:
Grand opera(type of opera seria) https://youtu.be/GTs5OpfaQLE
Operetta(comic opera with dances) https://youtu.be/4Diu2N8TGKA
Germany(this is a complete work as it mixes all the types of arts)
Leitmotiv(associated with a particular carácter or situation)
https://youtu.be/PDGjCYVtHRo -
Period: to
Music in the Romantic period
This music wass characterised by:
1.Free from Classical rules
2.Melody an important means of expression
3.Wider vocabulary
4.Melody-dominated homophony
5.Small musical forms designed for smaller venues or large symphonies for concert halls
5.Use of resources like the repetition of musical idea
Example of the music:https://youtu.be/wGMv6kxZgUw -
Period: to
Compositions for piano Romantic period
The piano was the most important Romantic instrument.In these period the piano developed technically and achived a great expressive ability.The objective was to express feelings,Main composers:Schubert (https://goo.gl/images/LAVjBL)
Types:
Short pieces for solo piano:shorter tan sonata,simple and free musical structure(https://youtu.be/PhRQAwSaGNQ)
Chamber music:payed in duets,trio,quartets or quintets,with other string or wind instruments
Longer Works:https://youtu.be/HtJFr4u23q4 piano/violin -
Romantic dance and ballet
The Romantic ballet was marked by the firts Paris performamnce in 1832.
It bacame popular the White tutu(https://youtu.be/OOh-nbFACYI)(minute 0,17) and the pointe shoes(https://youtu.be/rKw7OIhSNdM)
A famous ballet is the swan lake (https://youtu.be/KYR2hd3QDUI)
In this kind of ballets the coreographer gave importance to the corps of ballet,physical habilities of the dancers.
Balroom dances,specially the waltz (https://youtu.be/dyAPG43crso). -
Period: to
Impressionism
Started with paintings trying to represent reality in a sbjective way
Characteristics:
1.Musical atmosphere inspired by nature or unusual things
2.Scales that evoked oriental music
3.Imprecise melodic lines and frre irregular rhythm
4.Timbre from different instruments
https://youtu.be/EVnKFV0k6yw
Claude Debussy -
20th century music
Characteristics:
1.pursuing novelty, experimentation and originality
2.Search a new lenguaje that broke away from th prveious concepts of tone,timbre and rhythm
3.Looking for new ways of representing music
4.Using new computer and insrumental resources -
Atonality and 12 Tone technique
Atonality-use of non-tonal music that was full of dissonances rthat generated tensión.
https://youtu.be/JEY9lmCZbIc
12 Tone technique-inspired in the chromatic scale ,it gives the same importance to all te notes but forces the composer to créate serier without repeating one note if the other 11 notes arent used yet.
https://youtu.be/Har_7-S3Cgc -
Instruments from the 20th century
Theremín-https://youtu.be/K6KbEnGnymk https://images.app.goo.gl/ur5PzFNEY3T6gKcCA
Ondes Martenot-https://youtu.be/v0aflcF0-ys https://images.app.goo.gl/cJxS377zxGbDgB8d9
Synthesiser-https://youtu.be/qJGKbFVZsRs (1960s)
Sampler-https://youtu.be/8kmb1VlAtZ4
Vibraphone-https://youtu.be/dhWuJ1NC5FI -
Neoclassicism 20th century
Reaction to the first Avant-grade styles
Characteristics
1.Classical aesthetics with harmonic dissonances
Objective créate pleasant music
2.Tonal scales,simple melodies and clear texture
3.Classical forms
https://youtu.be/Mm4m3CMjt7M -
20th century dance
In the year 1909 Sergei Diaghilev created The Ballets Russes a company which has a very big influence in the genre. (https://images.app.goo.gl/TypafYz9uaesJSAU8)
A new spirit was Isadora Duncan inspired by ancient greece.(https://youtu.be/Kq2GgIMM060)
Contemporary dance was characterised by search for naturalness and freedom of movements.(https://youtu.be/0VqaGkKQRCU) -
Period: to
Expressionism
During the 1st World War
Main theme:people and inner life
Characteristics
1.Strong rhythm
2.Created for small chambers
3.Sprechgesang,a vocal technique that mixed talking and singing
4.Strong dissonaces to créate tensión
5.atonality and 12 tone technique
Alban berg-https://youtu.be/b8WeX8MrThU -
Concrete musique 20th century
Is a mix of sounds from the enviroment modified the with the latest technology
First the sounds from the enviroment are recorded and then they processed them in a recording studio and edited them in a recording tape https://youtu.be/c4ea0sBrw6M here is a video showing the process
https://images.app.goo.gl/xQiK6LHVG7Qri5fH6 (score)
Pierre Schaeffer-https://images.app.goo.gl/T6rHhxxhoJSDfcNG9 -
Electronic and electroacustic music
Electronic music-music composed only with sounds generated with a shythesisers.
https://youtu.be/FYH8DsU2WCk
Score( https://images.app.goo.gl/Tb9fXjDLKcU6skQx8 )
Electroacoustic-a mix of concrete musique and electronic sounds.
https://youtu.be/ephfK_MdihY
Score (https://images.app.goo.gl/Xkyam4XfGtFJQggNA) -
20th century music in Spain
Biggest artists Manuel de Falla (https://images.app.goo.gl/K2bEu65LjeNHFrK69) and Joaquín Turina both represented the spanish musical nationalism.
They accept the new Avant-garde trends coming from Europe.
Generación del 27-their innovate work ended because of the Civil War and the Francoist dictatorship.
https://youtu.be/ExAWUaylHPo
Generación del 51-appeared after the Exchange of ideas with the rest of the world,it aimed to make up the ime lost after the war
https://youtu.be/HWM0X7yU-KY -
Aleatoric music
Reaction to the rigid rules of the 12 tone technique and was based on chance and the ability of the performers to improvise.Each piece was unrepeatable.
https://youtu.be/JTEFKFiXSx4 -
Minimal music 20th century
This movement aimed to créate simple,direct music with minimal resorces.
Brought back tonality,simple musical structures,clear melodies and textures.
https://youtu.be/FaHOxHHG96E https://images.app.goo.gl/7KJRFyUsN195p4566 (score)