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Thought and Language introduced to English world
Lev Vygotsky's 1934 book Thought and Language introduces social constructivist learning theory and the "zone of proximal development." -
Coral Way Elementary
Influx of large number of Cuban immigrant children in Miami after the Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) generates the need for Coral Way Elementary School to start 1st bilingual and bicultural K-8 public school in the U.S, sponsored by the Ford Foundation. Began with the 350 1st through 3rd graders and expanded to K-6 in 1967. -
Diana v. California State Board
A spanish-speaking student was placed in a special needs course because she failed a test to determine special needs that was proctored in English. Diana v. California State Board rules that children referred for possible special education placement be tested in their primary language. -
Milliken v. Bradley
The NAACP originally sued the city of Detroit to bus students into the predominantly African-American urban centers to establish desegregation. Milliken v. Bradley ruled that outside suburbs were not responsible for segregation in Detroit city schools, and the District Court could not "redraw the lines . . .to achieve racial balance." Therefore busing of students from Detroit to suburban schools was not required by law. -
Emergency Immigrant Education Act
The Emergency Immigrant Education Act provides services and offsets the costs for districts that have large numbers of immigrant students. -
IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), renames and amends the Education of the Handicapped Act. In addition to changing terminology from handicap to disability, it adds autism and traumatic brain injury to the eligibility list. As well, it ensures free public education and a monitored education plan, working with the family if necessary. -
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1990
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1990 is enacted and increases annual immigration to 700,000 adding to the diversity of our nation and its schools. Specific aspects of the law provide 55,000 diversity visas "allocated to natives of a country that has sent fewer than 50,000 immigrants to the United States over the previous five years" and sponsors family-driven immigration visas. This was the first reform of the act since 1965. -
IASA of 1994
The Improving America's Schools Act (IASA) is signed into law by President Bill Clinton. It. reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and includes reforms for Title I such as: increased funding for bilingual and immigrant education; and provisions for public charter schools, drop-out prevention, and educational technology. -
California Proposition 227
Proposition 227 is passed in California, making English the only language for all public school instruction. The law withstands legal challenging. Limited English Proficient students are required to be instructed in separate classes, taught almost entirely in English. Goal was to hurry along LEP instruction in English, making students proficient in about a year. An almost entire repeal is being voted on in Novermber 2016. -
Rejecting Integration
In the two cases of Parents involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No 1 and Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that race cannot be a factor in assigning students to high schools, thus rejecting voluntary integration plans in Seattle and Louisville, effectively banning the gerrymandering of school districts by race.
