History of Medicine - Tyson Sengsourinho

Prehistoric or Primitive Period. 4000 BC - 3000 BC

4000 BCE

Average Life span - 20 Belief on disease and Illness
- Believed to be a result of possession from demons or evil spirits, or as a punishment from polytheistic gods (Multiple gods). Attempted Treatment
- Witch doctors utilized tribal ceremonies. These were composed of chanting, dancing, drawing in sand, and painting bodies
- Some used trepidation, where they cut into the skull to release spirits Medication
- Herbal and plant based medicine were used. Such as thyme, turmeric, etc.

Ancient Egypt. 3000 BC - 300 BC

3000 BCE

Average Lifespan, 20 - 30 years Physicians or Doctors
- Priests were seen as doctors, in accordance with the belief of illness as a punishment from the gods or evil spirits.
-Priest were literate, meaning they could read and write, which allowed them to create the first medical records in history. Treatment
- Bloodletting and leeches were used to drain the body of blood to restore balance of circulation throughout the body.

Ancient China - 1700 BC - 220 AD

1700 BCE

Average life expectancy, 20 - 30 years Beliefs
- Believed that treatment required coverage of the entire body with nourishment of the body and cleansing of the spirit.
- Treatment utilized pharmacopoeias, medical documents in books that described medicinal usage of herbs. While also using acupuncture. Where the insertion of needles were located in the back to nourish the body. Result
- The nourishment of the body resulted in the search for medical treatment of the body.

Ancient Greece. 1200 BC - 200 BC

1200 BCE

Average life expectancy, 25 - 35 years. Physicians
- Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians.
They recorded observations of the human body and natural symptoms of diseases transitioning to modern medical sciences. Treatment
- They utilized therapies such as massages, art therapy, and herbal treatment.
- They stressed modern concerns in health, such as diet, exercise, and hygiene.

Ancient Roman, 753 BC - 410 AD

753 BCE

Average Life expectancy, 25 -35 years. Innovations
- First to organize medical treatment for soldiers injured in battle
- First to establish public hygiene and sanitation systems through sewers and aqueducts. Beliefs
- Hospitals were religious based and charitable institutions centered in monasteries and convents.
-Galen established the four humors of, blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. All focusing on temperatures and such. Wet or dry, warm or cold.

Dark Ages, 400 AD - 800 AD

400

Average life expectancy, 20 - 30 years Beliefs
- Return to religious salvation. Where saving the soul was emphasized. The study of medicine was rejected.
- Disease was a result of one's situation towards god. But no general knowledge. Treatment
- Prayer and divine intervention or assistance from god could treat illness and disease. Medicine that was provided were herbal medication such as mint.
- Religious monks and priests provided custodial care or assistance in daily needs for the ill.

Middle Ages 800 AD - 1400 AD

800

Average life expectancy, 20 - 35 years Continuation
- Resumed interest in Greek and Roman medical practices of therapies and the 4 humors. 1100 - Arab physicians are required to pass medical exams to obtain a license. 1220 - 1255 Medical universities such as Oxford, Montpelier, Cambridge, and Pennsylvania, were established. 1346 - 1353 Bubonic plague or the black death killed 3/4's or 75% of the population in Europe and Asia. Composing of smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, etc.

The Renissance, 1350 AD - 1650 AD

1350

Average life expectancy 30 - 40 years Continuation
- Rebirth of medical science, dissections of cadavers or a corpse, study of anatomy, physiology or how the body functions, and other innovations. 1440 - Invention of printing press through Johannes Gutenberg, allows creation of books and other documents supporting the movement of medical knowledge 1543 - Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564) publishes the first Anatomy book However, Disease origin is still not understood

16th and 17th Centuries (1501 - 1600 | 1601 - 1700)

1501

Average life expectancy, 35 - 45 years Innovations
- Knowledge increased about the human body relative to injuries from musket rounds and such. 1500's - French surgeon, Ambroise Pare (Father of modern surgery) established the use of ligatures or sutures to stop bleeding. 1600's - Apothecaries, early pharmacists created, prescribed, and sold medicine. Generally composed of herbs. 1670 - Invention of the microscopes created by Hans and Zacharias Janssen The origin of disease still unknown.

18th Century (1701 - 1800)

1701

Average life expectancy, 40 - 50 years Innovations 1714 - Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686 - 1736) developed the first mercury thermometer. It used Fahrenheit (F).
Freezing point - 32
Boiling point of water - 212
Body temp. - 98.6 degrees 1760 - Benjamin Franklin invents bifocals, also known as glasses 1778 - John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding (NG tube). 1798 - Smallpox vaccine discovered through administering cowpox.

19th Century (1801 - 1900)

1801

Average life expectancy - 40 - 60 years Innovations
- Advancements in discoveries of Microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations 1895 - X - Ray machine is developed through Wilhelm Roentgen 1893 - First open heart surgery recorded (Infection control after discovery of association between microorganisms and disease) 1816 - Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope 1860 - Formal training for nurses began
- Women were active participantsf

20th Century (1901 - 2000) "Golden age of Medicine"

1901

Discovery and Innovation 1901 - ABO blood types and how leukocytes fight diseases are discovered.

• Development of medication

1922 - Insulin is discovered by Fredrick Banting, Charles Best, and JJR Macleod and is utilized to treat diabetes. 1928 - Antibiotics were developed to fight bacterial infections. Found as a mold known as penicillin.

• Development of new machines

1943 - Kidney dialysis machine. Artificial kidneys that help clean the blood

20th - 21st Century (1901 - Present)

1910

Innovations
1910 - Laparoscopic surgery, minimally invasive surgery that utilizes a scope or equipment to visually examine areas. Used to analyze, remove tissue, etc. 1970 - Targeted cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Employed to slow or prevent further growth of tumors and kill cancer cells 1990 - Start of smoke free laws and decrease in second hand smoking 1996 - Advances in HIV medications. Reduces the disease from being fatal and simply classified as chronic

20th Century *Continued*

1950

1953 - Heart Lung machine, also known as the "Iron Lung". Used to assist people that couldn't breathe.

• Development of techniques used to treat previously fatal conditions
• Structure of DNA discovered by James Watson and gene therapy research begins

1956 - First bone marrow transplant
Initiated stem cell research in the embryo 1978 - Test tube babies, fertilization of the egg without sexual intercourse Organ transplants
1960 - Kidney
1963 - Liver
1967 - Heart
1982 - Artificial heart

21st Century *Continued*

1999

1999 - Rapid advances in stem cell research. Employed to regenerate injured or lost tissue. 2001 - The first implantable artificial heart was placed in someone at Louisville. 2003 - First Human Genome project completed. Plotting of human diseases to understand genetic and autoimmune diseases. 2005 - First plastic surgery face transplant. Vaccines 2006 - HPV (Human Papillomavirus) To prevent the development of cervical cancer 2015 - Malaria and Ebola

20th Century *Final

2000

Vaccinations
1921 - Diphtheria 1925 - Tuberculosis, Albert Calmette, Camille Guérin. 1927 - Pertussis, Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering 1937 - Typhus 1945 - Influenza, Jonas Salk 1962 - Oral Polio, Jonas Salk 1963 - Measles, John Enders 1967 - Mumps, Maurice Hilleman 1970 - Rubella, Stanley Plotkin 1974 - Chickenpox - Michiaki Takahashi 1977 - Streptococcus Pneumonia 1978 - Meningitis 1981 - Hepatitis B 1992 - Hepatitis A 1998 - Lyme Disease | Rotavirus