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4000 BCE
4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times
*Illness and diseases were
Caused by evil spirits and demons
a punishment from the Gods
*Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
*Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
*Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
*Average life span was 20 years -
3000 BCE
3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
*Physicians were priests
Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
*Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
*Average life span was 20-30 years -
1700 BCE
1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese
*Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
Used therapies such as acupuncture
*Began to search for medical reasons for illness
*Average life span was 20-30 years -
18 BCE
18th Century
*1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
*1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
*1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
*1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
Average life span 40-50 years -
16
16th and 17th Centuries
*Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
*1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of *Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
*1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications*1670: Invention of the microscope
Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.HUGE advancement*Average life span 35-45 years
*Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections -
19
19th Century
*Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
*1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
*1893: First Open Heart Surgery
*Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
*1816: Invention of the stethoscope
*1860: Formal training for nurses began
*Women became active participants in health care
*Average life span 40-60 years -
20
20th-21st Century – Top 10
1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
Minimal Invasive Surgery
1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
Identify and kill the cancer cells
1990: Smoke Free Laws
Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
1996: Advances in HIV Medication
Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
20
20th Century
1901: ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed
1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
New machines developed
1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
1953: Heart Lung Machine
Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
20
20th Century (continued)
1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
1978: Test tube babies
Organ Transplants
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart -
20
20th Century Vaccines
Diptheria – 1921 Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974 -
21
21st Century – Top 10
2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
2005: Face Transplants
Vaccines
2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
Prevent Cervical Cancer
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola -
400
AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages
*Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
*Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
*Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
*Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
*Average life span was 20-30 years
*Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
753
753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans
*First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
*Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
*First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
*Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
*Life span was 25-35 years -
800
AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages
*Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
*1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
*1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
*Major diseases included
smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
*1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
*Average life span was 20-35 years -
1200
1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks
*Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
Believed illness is a result of natural causes
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
*Average life span was 25-35 years -
1350
AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance
*Rebirth of Science of Medicine
*Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
*1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
*1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
*Average life span was 30-40 years
*Disease cause STILL a mystery