History of Medicine- Ravyn Loosli

Primitive Times

4000 BCE

• Illnesses were caused by evil spirits and demons, and was a punishment from god.
• The Tribal witch doctors treated illnesses with ceremonies
• Trepanation or trephining. This was when they would surgically remove a piece of bone from the skull.
• Herbs and plants were used as medicine
• The average life span was 20 years

Ancient Egyptians

3000 BCE

• Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians.
• Physicians were priests
• Bloodletting or leaches were used as medical treatment
  • The average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Chinese

1700 BCE

• The believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
• Used therapies such as acupuncture
• Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
• They began to search for medical reasons for illness
• The average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Greeks

1200 BCE

• Hippocrates (Father of medicine) and other physicians were the first to observe the human body and the effects of disease. This led to modern sciences
• Believed illness is a result of natural causes
• Used therapies such as a massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
• Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
• Average life span was 25-35 years

Ancient Romans

753 BCE

• The first to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
• Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
• First public health sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
• Galen established the belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
• Life span was 25-25 years

Dark Ages

400

• Emphasis on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited
• Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease
• Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
• Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
• Disease cause was still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding
• Life span was 20-30 years

Middle ages

800

• They renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans *1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses *1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia major diseases included Smallpox, diptheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria *1220-1255: Medical universitise were established
• The average life span was 20-35 years

Remaissance

1350

• Rebirth of science of medicine
• Body dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology *1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared 1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Veslius (1514-1564)
• The average life span was 30-40 years
• Cause of disease is still a mystery

16th and 17th Centuries

1500

• Knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased
• 1500's: Ambroise Pare, a french surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
• 1600's: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed and sold medications.
• 1670: Invention of the microscope
• The average life span was 35-45 years
• Many people were still dying from infections

18th Century

1714

• 1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
• 1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
• 1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
• 1798: Smallpox vaccine was discovered
• The average life span was 40-50 years

19th Century

1895

• Rapid advancement due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
• 1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
• 1893: First open heart surgery
• Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
• 1816: Invention of stethoscope
• !860: Formal training for nurses began, Women became active participants in health care
• The average life span was 40-60 years

20th Century

1901

• 1901: ABO blood groups discovered. Found out how while blood cells protect against disease
• 1922: Insulin was discovered and used to treat diabetes
• 1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (Penicillin)
• 1943: Kidney Dialysis machine was developed
• 1953: Heart Lung Machine wad developed
• 1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins
• 1956: First bone marrow Transplant
• 1978: Test tube babies

20th - 21st Century

1909

• 1910: Laparoscopic Surgery. Minimal Invasive Surgery
• 1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
• Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
• Identify and kill the cancer cells
• 1990: Smoke Free Laws. Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
• 1996: Advances in HIV Medication
• Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
• 1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
• Re-Create lost/damaged tissue

20th century Vaccines

1921

Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998

21st century

2001

• 2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
• 2003: Human Genome Project Completed. Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
• 2005: Face Transplants
• Vaccines
• 2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine). Prevent Cervical Cancer
• 2015: Malaria and Ebola