History of Medicine - Nat

4000 BC - 3000 BC Primitive times

4000 BCE

• diseases were caused by evil spirits and demons, and they were punishments from the gods.
• tribal witch doctors treated illnesses with ceremonies.
• herbs and plants used as medicine ( morphine and digitalis).
• Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull).
• Average life span: 20 years

1700 BC - AD 220

1700 BCE

• Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body.
• Recorded a pharmacopeia of medication based mainly on the use of herbs.
• Used therapies such as acupuncture.
• Began to search for medical reasons for illness.
• Average life span: 20 - 30 years.

1200 BC - 200 BC Ancient Greeks

1200 BCE

• Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
• First to observe the human body and the effects of disease led to modern medical sciences.
• Believed illness is a result of natural causes -Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment -Stressed diet, hygiene, and exercise as ways to prevent disease
• Average life span: 25-35 years

753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans

753 BCE

• First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
• Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
• First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
• Galen established the belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
• Life span: 25 - 35 years

300 BC - 3000 BC Ancient Egyptians

300 BCE

• Physicians were priests.
• Health records were first recorded from the ancient Egyptians.
• Bloodletting or leeches are used as a medical treatment. -Average life span: 20-30 years.

AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages

400

• Emphasis on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited
• Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
• Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
• Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
  • Average life span: 20 - 30 years
• Disease causes are still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding

AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages

800

• Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
• 1100: Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses
• 1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
• Major diseases included: smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
• 1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
• Average life span: 20 - 35 years

AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance

1350

• Rebirth of Science of Medicine
• Body Dissections led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
• 1440: The invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
• 1543: The first anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
• Average life span: 30 - 40 years
• The disease cause is STILL a mystery

16th and 17th Centuries

1501

• 1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established the use of ligatures to stop bleeding
• 1600s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
• 1670: Invention of the microscope
• Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms. HUGE advancement
• Average life span: 35 - 45 years
• Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections

18th Century

1701

• 1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
• 1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
• 1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
• 1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
• Average life span: 40 - 50 years

19th Century

1801

-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
-1893: First Open Heart Surgery
-Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
-1816: Invention of the stethoscope
-1860: Formal training for nurses began
-Women became active participants in healthcare
- Average life span: 40 - 60 year

20th century

1901

1901: ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed
1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
New machines developed
1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
1953: Heart Lung Machine
Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once-fatal conditions
1953: The structure of DNA discovered an

20th century ( continued )

1901

1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
1978: Test tube babies
Organ Transplants
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart

20th century vaccines

1901

Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998

20th-21st Century – Top 10

2001

1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
Minimal Invasive Surgery
1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
Identify and kill the cancer cells
1990: Smoke Free Laws
Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
1996: Advances in HIV Medication
Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
1999: Rapid Advances in Stem Cell Research
Re-Create lost/damaged tissue

21st Century – Top 10

2001

2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get a handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
2005: Face Transplants
Vaccines
2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
Prevent Cervical Cancer
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola