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Illness and Diseases were caused by evil spirits and demons, or gods punishment.
witches treated illness with ceremonies.
Herbs and plants were used as medicine (Morphine and digitalis)
Trepanation or Trephining (Surgically removing a piece of done from the skull)
Average life span was 20 years
4000 BC - 3000 BC -
Physicians were priests, Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians.
Bloodletting or Leeches used as medical treatment.
Average life span was 20-30 years
3000 BC - 300 BC -
Hippocrates (Father of medicine) and other physicians. First to observe the human body and the effects of disease led to modern medical sciences. Believed illness is a result of natural causes. Used therapies such as massage, Art tharapy, and herbal treatment. Stressed diet, Hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease.
Average life span was 25-35 years
1200 BC - 200 BC -
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the the body. Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based manly on the use of herbs. used therapies such as acupuncture.
Began to search for medical reasons for illness
Average life span was 20-30 years
1700 BC - 220 AD -
First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers.
Later.
hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents.
First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts.
Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.
Life span was 25-35 years
753 BC - Ad 410 -
Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited.
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease.
Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people.
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures.
Average Life span was 20-30 years
Disease cause still blamed on circumstance, But no understanding.
AD 400 - AD 800 -
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans.
1000: Arabs began requiring Physicians pass examination and obtain licenses.
1346-1353: Bubonic plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia.
Major diseases including, Smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria.
1220-1255: Medical Universities were established.
Average Life span was 20-35 years
AD 800 - AD 1400 -
Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased.
1500's: Ambroise pare, a french surgeon, known at the Father of modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding.
1600's: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, Prescribed,and sold medications.
1670: Invention of the microscope. allowed physicians to see disease causing organisms. HUGE advancement.
Average life span 35-45 years.
cause of the disease is still not known many people died of infection. -
Rebirth of science of medicine.
Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology.
1440: Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared.
1543: First Anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius.
Average life span was 30-40 years
Disease cause was still a mystery. -
1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer.
1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals.
1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding.
1798: Smallpox Vaccine discovered.
Average life span 40-50 years -
Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations.
1895: X-Ray machine Developed.
1893: First open heart surgery, Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease.
1816: Invention of the stethoscope.
1860: Formal training for nurses began, women became active participants.
Average life span 40-60 years -
1901: A,B,O blood groups discovered.
1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes.
1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections.
1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
1953: Heart and lung machine.
1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins.
1956 First Bone Marrow transplant.
1978: Test tube babies.
organ Transplant
1060: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart