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4000 BCE
4000BC - 3000BC Primitive Times
Illness & Disease causes:
1. evil spirits and demons
2. punishment from the gods
Treatments:
- Tribal witch doctors
- Ceremonies
- Trepanation or Trephining (removing a piece of bone from the skull)
This caused their lifespans to be about only 20 years. -
3000 BCE
3000BC - 300BC Ancient Egyptians
Facts:
- Physicians were Priests.
- First ever health records were recorded by Egyptians.
- Bloodletting and Leeches were used as a medical treatment.
Average lifespan is now 20-30 years. -
1700 BCE
1700BC - AD 220 Ancient Chinese
Believed in curing the Body and Spirit as one.
- Recorded their use of medications (herbal supplements)
- Acupuncture therapies
- Searched for MEDICAL reasons for illness
Stepping them away from the belief of spiritual punishment
Average lifespan is 20-30 years -
1200 BCE
1200 BC - 200 BC Ancient Greeks
Hippocrates, acclaimed "Father of Medicine".
- Observed the human body and effects of disease; leading to modern medical sciences.
- Believe illness is a result of natural causes (not spirits or gods).
Used therapies such as:
- Massage
- Art Therapy
- Herbal treatments
First to stress a healthy diet, hygiene, and exercise.
Average lifespan is now 25-35 -
753 BCE
753 BC - AD 410 Ancient Romans
- First to provide medical care for injured soldiers.
- Hospitals were sometimes religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents.
- First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers aqueducts.
- Galen established a belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Life span of now 25-35 years
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400 BCE
AD 400 - AD 800 Dark Ages
- Emphasis was put back into saving the soul over the body. (practicing medicine was prohibited)
- Used prayer and divine intervention to treat illness & disease.
- Monks and priests provided the care for the sick people.
- Medication was simply herb mixtures. -Blamed disease causes on circumstance, and had no understanding of the true cause.
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800
AD 800 - AD 1400 Middle Ages
- Renewed the practice of medical procedures/ practices of the Greek and Romans. 1100: Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain medical licenses. 1346-1353: The Bubonic plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia. 1220-1255: First medical universities established.
- Major diseases Included: smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria. Average lifespan was now 20-35 years.
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1350
AD 1350 - AD 1650 Renaissance
- The rebirth of Science and Medicine.
- Human bodily dissections led to an increased understanding of human anatomy and physiology. 1440: The invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared. 1543: The first book of human anatomy was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564).
- Disease cause was still a mystery. Average lifespan is now 30-40 years.
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16th and 17th Centuries
- Greatly increased knowledge of human anatomy. 1500's: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the "Father of Modern Surgery" established the use of ligatures (sutures) to stop bleeding. 1600-1670's: Apothecaries (early herbal pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications. Invention of the microscope. -allowing physicians to see disease causing organisms. -cause of diseases were still unknown; causing many to continuously die of infections. The average life span is now 35-40 years.
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18th Century
1714:
- Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer.
1760:
- Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
1778:
- John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
1798:
- Smallpox vaccine discovered
- Average life span 40-50 years -
19th Century
- Rapid advancements were made due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations 1895:
- X-Ray machine was created 1893:
- First open heart surgery 1816:
- Invention of the stethoscope. 1860:
- Formal training for nurses; women finally had a place in the "healthcare" system. Average life span of 40-60 years!!
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20th Century Rapid Growth in Health Care
1901:
- ABO blood groups discovered.
- Found how white blood cells protect against disease.
- Developed new medications.
1922:
- Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes.
1928:
- Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin).
- New machines developed.
1943:
- Kidney Dialysis Machine. -
20th Century Part 2
Continued...
1953:
- Heart Lung Machine (Iron Lung).
-Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions.
1953:
- Structure of DNA discovered.
- Research in gene therapy begins.
1956:
- First Bone Marrow Transplant.
- Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research.
1978:
- "Test tube babies"
- Organ Transplants
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart -
20th Century Vaccines
- Diptheria – 1921
- Tuberculosis – 1925
- Pertussis – 1927
- Typhus – 1937
- Influenza – 1945
- Oral Polio – 1962
- Measles – 1963
- Mumps – 1967
- Rubella – 1970
- Chicken Pox – 1974
- Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
- Meningitis – 1978
- Hepatitis B – 1981
- Hepatitis A – 1992
- Lyme Disease – 1998
- Rotavirus - 1998
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20th-21st Top 10's
2001:
- The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky.
2003:
- Human Genome Project Completed
- Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
2005:
- Face Transplants
Vaccines
2006:
- HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
- Prevention for Cervical Cancer
2015:
- Malaria
2015:
- Ebola -
20th-21st Century Tops 10's
1910:
-Laparoscopic Surgery.
-Minimal Invasive Surgery.
1970’s:
-Targeted Cancer Therapies;
Interfering with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth.
- Identify and kill cancer cells.
1990:
- Smoke Free Laws
- Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
1996:
- Advances in HIV Medication.
- Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease.
1999:
- Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research.
- Re-Create lost/damaged tissue.