History of Medicine- Kahlia Solorio

Primitive Times

4000 BCE

Illness and diseases were caused by evil spirits and demons
a punishment from the Gods Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis) Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull) Average life span was 20 years

Ancient Egyptians

3000 BCE

Physicians were priests Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment Average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Chinese

1700 BCE

Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs Used therapies such as acupuncture Began to search for medical reasons for illness Average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Greeks

1200 BCE

Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease led to modern medical sciences Believed illness is a result of natural causes Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease Average life span was 25-35 years

Ancient Romans

753 BCE

First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile Life span was 25-35 years

Dark Ages

400

Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people Medications were mainly herbal mixtures Average life span was 20-30 years Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding

Middle Ages

800

Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans Bubonic Plague, 1300s killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria Medical Universities were established in the 9th Century Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses Average life span was 20-35 years

Renaissance

1350

Rebirth of Science of Medicine Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) Average life span was 30-40 years Disease causes STILL a mystery

16th and 17th Centuries

1601

Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
Invention of the microscope Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms
HUGE advancement Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications\ Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding Average life span 35-45 years Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections

18th Century

1701

Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer Smallpox vaccine discovered 1798 John Hunter (1728-1793), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals Average life span 40-50 years

19th Century

1801

Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations First Open Heart Surgery - 1893 Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease Invention of the stethoscope - 1816 Formal training for nurses began Women became active participants in health care Average life span 40-60 years

20th Century

1901

RAPID GROWTH in Health Care Increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body ABO blood groups discovered Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy (Ongoing) New medications were developed Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes Antibiotics developed to fight infections First Bone Marrow Transplant - 1956 Test tube babies - 1978 Organ Transplants Kidney - 1960 Liver & Heart - 1963 Heart – 1967

20th Century Vaccines

1901

Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998

21st Century – Top 10

2001

The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In 2001 Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth Identify and kill the cancer cells Laparoscopic Surgery Minimal Invasive Surgery Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke Face Transplants – 2005 Vaccines HPV - 2006 Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Prevent Cervical Cancer Malaria – 2015 Ebola - 2015