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4000 BCE
4000 BC- 3000 BC Primitive times
Illness and diseases were caused by evil spirits and demons . They also believed it was a punishment from god. Herbs and plants were used as medicine. Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull) Was used as well. The average life span was about 20 years. -
3000 BCE
3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
Physicians were priests. Records of health were first done by the Egyptians. Bloodletting or leaches were used as a medical treatment. Average life spam was 20-30 years. -
1700 BCE
1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese
they believed they needed to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and refreshing the body. Medications were used primarily on herbs. Acupuncture was used for therapy. Average life span was 20-30 years. -
1200 BCE
1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks
Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians. First to observe the human body and the effects of disease led to modern medical sciences. Believed illness is a result of natural causes. Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment. Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease. Average life span was 25-35 years -
753 BCE
753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans
First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers. Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents. First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Life span was 25-35 years -
400
AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages
Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited. Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease. Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people. Medications were mainly herbal mixtures. The average life span was 20-30 years. Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
800
AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans. 1100: Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses. 1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included. smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria. 1220-1255: Medical Universities were established. Average life span was 20-35 years. -
1350
AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance
Rebirth of Science of Medicine. Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology. 1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared. 1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564). Average life span was 30-40 years.
Disease cause was still a mystery. -
16th and 17th Centuries
nowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding. 1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications. 1670: Invention of the microscope. Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms. HUGE advancement. Average life span 35-45 years. Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections -
18th Century
1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer. 1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals. 1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding. 1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered. Average life span 40-50 years -
19th Century
Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations. 1895: X-Ray Machine Developed. 1893: First Open Heart Surgery. Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease. 1816: Invention of the stethoscope. 1860: Formal training for nurses began. Women became active participants in health care. Average life span 40-60 years -
20th Century
1901: ABO blood groups discovered. Found out how white blood cells protect against disease. New medications were developed. 1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes. 1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin). New machines developed. 1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine. 1953: Heart Lung Machine. Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions. 1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
20th Century (continued)
1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant. Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research. 1978: Test tube babies. Organ. Transplants. 1960: Kidney. 1963: Liver 1967: Heart. 1982: Artificial Heart -
20th Century Vaccines
Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998 -
20th-21st Century – Top 10
1910: Laparoscopic Surgery/ Minimal Invasive Surgery
1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies. Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth. Identify and kill the cancer cells. 1990: Smoke Free Laws. Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke. 1996: Advances in HIV Medication
Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable. chronic disease – Normal Life Span. 1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research. Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
21st Century – Top 10
2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In. 2003: Human Genome Project Completed. Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get a handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases. 2005: Face Transplants. Vaccines. 2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine). Prevent Cervical Cancer. 2015: Malaria. 2015: Ebola