History of Medicine- Cassie

Primitive Times

4000 BCE

-Illness and diseases were believed to be caused by evil spirits and demons or punishment from the Gods
-Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
-Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
-Used trepanation or trephining in which they would surgically remove a piece of bone from the skull
-The average life span was 20 years

The Egyptian Imhotep Describes the Diagnosis and Treatment of 200 Diseases

2600 BCE

Alcmaeon of Croton Distinguishes Veins From Arteries

500 BCE

Ancient Chinese

200 BCE

-Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
-Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mostly on the use of herbs
-Used of therapies like acupuncture
-Began to search for medical reasons for illness
-Average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Greeks

200 BCE

-Had Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, and other physicians
- Was the first to observe the human body and the effects of disease which would lead to modern medical sciences.
-Believed illness is a result of natural causes
-Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-Stressed diet, hygiene, and exercise as ways to prevent disease
-Average life span was 25-35 years

Ancient Egyptians

30 BCE

-The physicians were priests
-Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
-Bloodletting or leeches were used as a medical treatment
-Average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Romans

410

-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
-Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-First public health and sanitation systems built through sewers and aqueducts
-Galen established the belief that the body was regulated by four body humors, blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-The life span was 25-35 years

Dark Ages

800

-Emphasized saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited
-Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
-Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people
-Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
-Average life span was 20-30 years
-No understanding of what caused disease it was still blamed on circumstance

Persian Physician Rhazes Identifies Smallpox

910

Roger Bacon Invents Spectacles

1249

The Middle Ages

1400

-Interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans again
-The Bubonic Plague, killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
-Major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
-Medical Universities were established in the 9th Century
-Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
-Average life span was 20-35 years

The Renaissance

1600

-Rebirth of Science of Medicine
-Body Dissections led to more understanding of anatomy and physiology
-The invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
-First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
-Average life span was 30-40 years
-Disease cause STILL a mystery

16th and 17th Centuries

1600

-Knowledge regarding the human body increased
with the invention of the microscope
-Physicians were able to see disease-causing organisms.
-Apothecaries, early pharmacists, made, prescribed, and sold medications
-Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), a French surgeon, the Father of Modern Surgery created use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-Average life span 35-45 years
-Cause of disease was still not known and many people died from infections
-Some enlightenment though due to microscope

18th Century

1700

-Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-John Hunter (1728-1793), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
-Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
-Average life span 40-50 years

Smallpox vaccine was discovered

1798

19th Century

1800

-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
-Formal training for nurses began
-Women become participants in heathcare
-Average life span 40-60 years

Sir Humphry Davy Discovers the Anesthetics Properties of Nitrous Oxide

1800

Invention of the stethoscope

1816

The First Successful Transfusion of Human Blood

1818

Elizabeth Blackwell is The First Woman to Gain a Medical Degree

1849

Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexander Wood Develop the Syringe

1853

First Vaccine Developed for Cholera

1879

First Vaccine Developed for Rabies by Louis Pasteur

1882

First Contact Lenses Developed

1887

First Open Heart Surgery

1893

First Vaccine Developed for Bubonic Plague

1897

New Machines Developed

1898

-X-Ray machine
-Kidney Dialysis Machine
-Heart Lung Machine

20th Century

1900

-Rapid growth in Health Care
-Research in genes and structure of DNA
-Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions

Advancements in Blood

1900

-More knowledge about the role of blood in the body
-ABO blood groups discovered
-Found out how white blood cells protect against disease

New Treatments

1900

-New medications developed
-Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
-Antibiotics developed to fight infections

Dr. Paul Dudley White Makes First Use of The Electrocardiograph

1913

Diphtheria Vaccine

1921

Tuberculosis Vaccine

1925

Pertussis Vaccine

1927

Sir Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin

1928

First vaccine Developed for Yellow Fever

1935

Typhus Vaccine

1937

Influenza Vaccine

1945

John Hopps Invented the First Cardiac Pacemaker

1949

First Bone Marrow Transplant

1956

-Initiated stem cell research

Kidney Transplant

1960

Oral Polio Vaccine

1962

Liver and Heart Transplant

1963

Measles Vaccine

1963

Heart Transplant

1967

Mumps Vaccine

1967

Rubella Vaccine

1970

Chicken Pox Vaccine

1974

Streptococcus Pneumonia Vaccine

1977

Test Tube Babies

1978

Meningitis Vaccine

1978

Hepatitis B Vaccine

1981

Implanted First Artificial Heart

1982

Hepatitis A Vaccine

1992

Lyme Disease Vaccine

1998

Rotavirus Vaccine

1998

Targeted Cancer Therapies

2000

-Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
-Identify and kill the cancer cells

Laparoscopic Surgery

2000

-Minimal invasive surgery

Advancements

2000

-Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
*Re-Create lost/damaged tissue
-Advances in HIV Medication
*Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable
chronic disease – Normal Life Span

Smoke Free Laws

2001

-Decrease in secondhand smoke

First Totally Implantable Artificial Heart Placed in a Patient

2001

Human Genome Project

2003

-Map out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases

HPV Vaccine

2006

-Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
-Prevent Cervical Cancer

Face Transplants

2006

Malaria

2015

Ebola Vaccine

2015