History of Medicine - Cassie

Primitive Times

4000 BCE

1.Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
2. Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
3. Illness and diseases were caused by
- evil spirits and demons
- and used as a punishment from gods
4. Trepanation or trephing (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
5. Average life pan was 20 years

Ancient Egyptians

3000 BCE

1. Physicians were priests
2. health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
3. Bloodletting or leeches used as Medical treatment
4. Average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Chinese

1700 BCE

1. Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
2. Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
3. used therapies such as acupuncture
4. Began to search for medical reasons for illness
5. Average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Greeks

1200 BCE

1. hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicicans
2. First to observe the human body and the effects of disease - led to mordern medical sciences
3. Believed illness is a result of natural causes
4. Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
5. Stressed diet, hygiene and exercies as ways to prevent disease
6. Average life span was 25-35 years

Ancient Romans

753 BCE

1, First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
2. Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
3. First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
4. Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
5. Life span was 25 - 35 years

Middle Ages

800

1. renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
2. 1100: Arabs began requiring physicains pass examinations and obtain licenses
3. 1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
4. Major diseases include - Smallpox, diptheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
5. 1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
6. Average life span was 20-35 years

Renaissance

1350

1. Rebirth of science of Medicine
2. Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
3. 1440: Intention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shred
4. 1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
5. Average life span was 30-40 years
6. Disease cause still a mystery

16th and 17th centuries

1600

1. Knowledge regarding the human body Greatly increased
2. 1500's: Ambrose pare, a French surgon, known as the father of modern surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
3. 1600's: Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold medications
4. 1670: Invention of the microscope it Allowed physicans to see disease-causing organisms
5. Average life span 35-45 years
6. Cause of disease still not known - many people died from infections some enlightenment though due to microscope

18th Century

1700

1. 1714: Gabriel Fahreheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
2. 1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
3. 1778: John hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
4. 1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered 5: Average life span 40-50 years

19th Century

1800

1: Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
2. 1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
3. 1893: First open heart surgery
- Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
4. 1816: Invention of the stethoscope
5. 1860: Formal training for nurses began
- women became active participants in health care
6. Average life span 40-60

20th century

1900

1. 1901: ABO blood groups discovered
2. Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
3. New medications were developed
4. 1922: Instulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
5. 1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infection (penicllin)
6. New machines developed
7. 1943: kidney Dialysis Machine
8. 1953: Heart lung machine
9. Surgical and diagnostic techiques developed to cure once fatal conditions
10. Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins

20th Century (continued)

1900

1. 1956: First bone marrow transplant
2. Initiated embryonic stem cell research
3. test tube babies
4. organ transplants
5. 1960: Kidney
6. 1963: Liver
7. 1967: Heart
8. 1982: Artificial Heart

20th Century Vaccines

1900

• Diptheria - 1921
• Tuberculosis - 1925
• Pertussis - 1927
• Typhus - 1937
• Influenza - 1945
• Oral Polio - 1962
• Measles - 1963
• Mumps - 1967
• Rubella - 1970
• Chicken pox - 1974
• Streptococcus Pneumonia - 1977
• Meningitis - 1978
• Hepatitis B - 1981
• Hepatitis A - 1992
• Lyme Disease - 1998
• Rotavirus - 1998

20th-21st Century - Top 10

1900

1. 1910: Laparoscopic surgery
2. Minimal Invasive Surgery
3. 1970's: Targeted Cancer Therapies
4. Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
5. Identify and kill the cancer cells
6. 1990: Smoke Free laws
7. Decrease in 2nd Hand smoke
8. 1996: Advances in HIV Medication
9. Turned a "death sentence disease" into a manageable chronic disease - Normal life span
10. 1999:Rapid advances in stem cell Research
11. Re-create lost/damaged tissue

21st Century - top 10

2000

1. 2001: The first totally implantable artificail heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
2. 2003: Human Genome Project completed
3. Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
4. 2005: Face Transplants
5. Vaccines -2006: HPV (Human papillomavirus Vaccine)
6. Prevent cervical cancer
7. 2015: Malaria
8. 2015: Ebola