-
100
Primitive Times (4000 BC - 3000 BC)
- People believed that illnesses were caused by supernatural spirits.
- Tribal witch doctors performed ceremonies to drive out evil spirits.
- Boring a hole into the skull was used to treat insantiy, epilepsy, and headache.
- Holes were made to let spirits out
- Hebs and plants were used as medicine.
- Herbal medicine is the earliest scientific tradition in medical practice, and it remains an important part of medicine to this day - in a line descending directly from those distant beginnings.
-
200
Ancient Egyptians (3000 BC - 300 BC)
-Earliest health records recorded
-Priests acted as physicians
-Priests called upon the gods to heal their people
-Egyptian medical practice went unchanged but was highly advanced, including non-invasive surgery, setting of bones and an set of pharmacopoeia.
-Egyptian medical thought influenced later traditions, including the Greeks.
-In the mummification process, mummifiers knew to insert a long hooked implement through a nostril, breaking the thin bone of the brain case and remove the brain -
300
Ancient Chinese
- Religious prohibitions against dissection resulted in inadequate knowledge of the boyd structure.
- First to use acupunture therapy.
- The underlying theory is that a healthy body depends on a flow of energy. This can be interrupted by blockages, which may be either the symptom or the cause of illness. Inserting a needle into the correct spot on the energy path will improve the energy flow by clearing
- Learned to treat disease with stone tools.
-
400
Ancient Greeks (1200 BC - 200 BC)
-Began modern medical science by observing human body and effects of disease
-Hippocrates practises and teaches medicine in about 400 BC on the Greek island of Kos
-Found disease was caused by lack of sanitation
-Thought that people were made of four substances: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. You were healthy if you had a balance of all four.
-For instance, if you had too much blood, that would give you a fever. Greek doctors tried to cure this by cutting off ones' arm
-Aristotle -
500
Ancient Romans (753 BC 410 AD)
-First to organize medical care by providing care from injured soldiers
-Early hospitals developed when physcians care for ill people took place in rooms of their homes
-Romans developed a sanitation system from learning from the Greeks
-The Romans did believe that illnesses had a natural cause and that bad health could be caused by bad water and sewage.
-The Romans paid special attention to the health of their soldiers due to thought that, without them, their empire would collapse
-Galen -
Jun 1, 600
Dark Ages (400 AD - 800 AD)
- Study of medicine stopped for over 1000 years.
- Medicine was only practiced in covents and monasteries.
- Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease.
- Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people.
- People had a progressive view of illness because disease was so common and out in the open during this time. -Instead of being isolated or shunned, the sick were integrated into society and taken care of by the community.
- Medications were mainly herbal.
-
Jul 1, 700
Middle Ages (800 AD - 1400 AD)
- Herbal medicine
- Renewed interest in the medical practice of Greeks and Romans.
- A pandemic of bubonic plague killed 75% of Europe and Asia's population.
- Public debates were also encouraged about medical issues and it is known that some medical schools encouraged students to actually challenge the ideas of Galen and Hippocrates.
- Medicine became steeped in superstition and the Roman Catholic Church effectively dominated what direction the medical world took.
-
Dec 1, 1000
18th Century: Ben Franklin
- Students attended lectures, classroom labs, and observed patients at their bedside.
- When patients died, their bodies were dissected to observe the disease process.
- Franklin - invented bifocals because he had trouble seeing
- Urinary Catheter
-
Dec 3, 1000
18th Century: Jenner, Priestyl, Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell - first female physician 1849
- opened her practice in New York City
- Blackwell attributed to the stigma of woman doctors as abortionists.
Joseph Priestly - discovered the element oxygen
- He answered age-old questions of why and how things burn
Jenner - developed a vaccination for smallpox 1796
- While still a medical student, Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had contracted a disease called cowpox, which caused blistering on cow’s udders, did not catch smallpox. -
Jan 1, 1100
19th Century
Semmelweiss - developed a theory for the cause of childbed fever
Laennec - invented the stethoscope in 1819
Nightingale - founder of modern nursing
Barton - founded the American Red Cross in 1881
Pasteur - Saw that microorganisms cause diseases, created paseurization to kill bacteria, and created a vaccine for rabies in 1885
Lister - started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1885
Bergmann - developed methods and sterile techniques -
Jan 3, 1100
19th Century cont.
Koch - developed the culutre plate mehtod to identify pathogens and isolated the bacteria causing tuberculosis
Roentgen - discovered X-rays in 1895
Ehrlich - discovered the effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms -
Feb 1, 1200
20th Century
Sigmund Freud- studies formed basis for psycology and psychiatry
Landsteiner- classified ABO blood groups
Banting and Best- discovered and used insulin to treat diabetes in 1923
Fleming- discovered penicillin in 1932
Salk- developed the "killed" polio vaccine in 1952
Sabin- used a live polio virus
-first heart-lung machine was used for open heart surgery in 1953
-Molecular sturcture of DNA
-Arm reattached to the body
-"test tube" baby
-First successful heart transplant
-Sheep were cloned -
The Renaissance: da Vinci
- In 1508 that Leonardo started indepth studies on the human body and how it worked
- He wanted to investigate more than just the mechanical workings, the emotions and feelings were important too.
- Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body
- To ensure accuracy he dissected about thirty corpses, averaging about two per year during his studies.
- He filled cavities like the brain and the heart with wax and made plaster casts of them; in this way he could establish their true shapes.
-
The Renaissance: Printing Press
- Made books available to study
- Allowed people to attain knowledge
- First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
- Typically used for texts, the invention of the printing press is widely regarded as one of the most influential events in the second millennium, ushering in the period of modernity.
-
16th and 17th Century
- William Harvey described circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628. -He was the first known to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart, though earlier writers had provided precursors of the theory.
- After his death the William Harvey Hospital was constructed in the town of Ashford, several miles from his birthplace of Folkestone.
-
16th and 17th Century: Leewenhoek
- Invented the microscope in 1666
- Established that there is life smaller than the eye can see
- First to observe bacteria and protazoa
- Researches of lower animals refuted the doctine of spontaneous generation
- First to describe spermatoazoa
-
16th and 17th Century
Gabriel Fallopius - fallopian tubes in the female
Bartolomeo Eustachio - Eustachian tube leading from the ear to the throat
Apothecaries - made, prescribed and sold medications
-Apothecary' is derived from apotheca, meaning a place where wine, spices and herbs were stored.
