history of medicine-ariany

Primitive Times

4000 BCE

The Prehistoric Period or when there was human life before records documented human activity, roughly dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C
-Illness and diseases were caused by evil spirits and demons(a punishment from the Gods)
-Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
-Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
-Average life span was 20 years

Ancient Egyptians

3000 BCE

Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world for almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3000 B.C.
-Physicians were priests
-Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
-Average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Chinese

1700 BCE

Ancient Chinese used steel needles, moxibustion, herbal medicines, tree barks, and exercises as medicine to restore health
-Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
-Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
Began to search for medical reasons for illness
-Average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Greeks

1200 BCE

Began modern medical science by observing the human body and effects of disease; Developed an organized method to help them
-Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
-First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
-Believed illness is a result of natural causes
-Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
-Average life span was 25-35 years

Ancient Romans

735 BCE

First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers. · Began public health and sanitation systems. · -Created aqueducts to carry clean water to the people.
-Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-Life span was 25-35 years

Dark Ages

400 BCE

Study of Medicine was prohibited, emphasis was on saving the soul. Player and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease
-Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
-Average life span was 20-30 years
-Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
-Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding

Middle Ages

800

Even in the later Middle Ages, the medieval peasant's life was hard and the work back-breaking. It followed the seasons – ploughing in autumn, sowing in spring, harvesting in August. Work began at dawn, preparing the animals, and it finished at dusk, cleaning them down and putting them back into the stalls
-Major diseases included: smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
-Average life span was 20-35 years

Renaissance

1350

The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century
-Rebirth of Science of Medicine
-Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
-Average life span was 30-40 years
-1440: Invention of printing press

16th and 17th Centuries

1600

Doctors still believed the ideas of a Greek physician called Galen. He thought that the body was ruled by four humours, or fluids, which determined what your personality was and how you reacted to various diseases. -1670: Invention of the microscope
-Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
-HUGE advancement
-Average life span 35-45 years
1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding

18th Century

1800

Even in the 18th century the search for a simple way of healing the sick continued. In Edinburgh the writer and lecturer John Brown expounded his view that there were only two diseases, strong and weak,and two treatments, stimulant and sedative; his chief remedies were alcohol and opium
-Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
Smallpox vaccine discovered
-Average life span 40-50 years

19th Century

1900

Traditional medical practices during most of the 19th century relied on symptomatic treatment, consisting primarily of bloodletting, blistering, and high doses of mineral poisons. These medical regimens resulted in high rates of death in patients unfortunate enough to undergo treatment
-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and etc..
-X-Ray Machine Developed
-First Open Heart Surgery
-Women became active participants in health care
-Average life span 40-60 years

20th century

2000

The health care system became more organized, technologically sophisticated, and costly. New tools to assess health and the burden of ill health, to improve the effectiveness of interventions, and to measure economic effects of alternative investments promise greater efficiency and effectiveness for public health
-New machines developed
-Kidney Dialysis Machine
-Heart Lung Machine
First Bone Marrow Transplant
-Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
-Targeted Cancer Therapies

21st century

2100

The focus of the 21st-century health care system must be the patient. Such a system will ensure that patients have access to the safest and highest-quality care, regardless of how much they earn, where they live, how sick they are, or the color of their skin
-Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
Face Transplants
-Vaccines
-Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
-Identify and kill the cancer cells