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4000 BCE
Primitive times
*illness what evil spirits or punishment from the gods
*witch doctors treated illnesses
*Herbs and plants used as medicine
*Trepanation used...surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull
*average life span was 20 years -
3000 BCE
3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
*Physicians were priests
*Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
*Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
*Average life span was 20-30 years -
1350 BCE
AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance
*Rebirth of Science of Medicine
*Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
*1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
*1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
*Average life span was 30-40 years
*Disease cause STILL a mystery -
800 BCE
AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages
*Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
*1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
*1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included
*smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
*1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
*Average life span was 20-35 years -
753 BCE
753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans
*First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
*Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
*First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
*Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
*Life span was 25-35 years -
400 BCE
AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages
*Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
*Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
*Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
*Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
*Average life span was 20-30 years
*Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
16th and 17th Centuries
*Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
*1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
*1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
*1670: Invention of the microscope
*Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
*HUGE advancement
*Average life span 35-45 years
*Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections -
18th Century
*1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
*1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
*1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
*1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
*Average life span 40-50 years -
19th Century
*Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
*1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
*1893: First Open Heart Surgery
*Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
*1816: Invention of the stethoscope
*1860: Formal training for nurses began
*Women became active participants in health care
*Average life span 40-60 years -
20th Century Vaccines
*Diptheria – 1921
*Tuberculosis – 1925
*Pertussis – 1927
*Typhus – 1937
*Influenza – 1945
*Oral Polio – 1962
*Measles – 1963
*Mumps – 1967
*Rubella – 1970
*Chicken Pox – 1974 -
20th Century
RAPID GROWTH
in Health Care -
20th Century (continued)
1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
*Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
*1978: Test tube babies
*Organ Transplants
*1960: Kidney
*1963: Liver
*1967: Heart
*1982: Artificial Heart -
20th Century
*1901: ABO blood groups discovered
*Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
*New medications were developed
*1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
*1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
*New machines developed
*1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
*1953: Heart Lung Machine
*Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
*1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
20th-21st Century – Top 10
*1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
*Minimal Invasive Surgery
*1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
*Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
*Identify and kill the cancer cells
*1990: Smoke Free Laws
*Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
*1996: Advances in HIV Medication
*Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
*1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
*Re-Create lost/damaged tissue