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Jan 1, 1000
Mental Discipline Theory
20,000 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E.
Plato (427-347 BC) chose to understand the world he lived in through rational thoughts unlike others of his time who created myths to explain the unknown. In his writings he believed that the mind was a muscle that needed to be exercised regularly. The students under him practiced reciting texts to exercise their mind. Aristotle also believed the mind was a muscle and carried this thought forward into Associationism. -
Jan 1, 1000
Association Theory Aristotle
Theory of psychology and education that is devoted to the study of how learning occurs. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) was curious. He investigated all things that were knowable in both the physical and mental realm. He believed there were 3 Kinds of Connections: contiguity, similarity, contrast. Learners made associations between what they knew and new information. -
Period: Jan 1, 1000 to
Early Roots
Plato and Aristotle
Rote memorization -
Associationism John Locke
John Locke BiographyJohn Locke (1632-1704 AD) Association has to do with how ideas or events become associated with one another in the mind. Once the ideas and events are 'associated' then learning occurs. Rene Des Cartes popularized the belief "I think, therefore, I am". Locke responded with the "Tabula Rasa" - the mind is a blank tablet. Through exercising the mind throught associations we learn. -
Period: to
Associationsim with John Locke
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The Earliest Textbook
The Horn Book was written -
Unfoldment - Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) During the Age of Enlightenment, several theorists believed that a rational mind would come through mental discipline. Rousseau believed in a natural unfolding that occured by allowing a person to pursue his own interests/ Learning would come out of natural curiosity. -
Unfoldment - Froebel
His view on children, Froebel (1782-1852) agreed with both Rousseau and Pestalozzi. He added a concept known as the importance of play in learning and revamped the role of the teacher. The teacher was responsible for guiding the student . The teacher would provide direction and set up an inviting atmosphere. - one that would encourage curiosity and therefore, learning. -
Unfoldment Pestalozzi
Pestalozzi in Education Unfoldment is the belief that learning occurs through a natural unfolding of feeling and passion through pursuing your own personal interests. Pestalozzi (took the theory one step further by advocating that children should be helped by their teachers for some formal education. He believed that the environment played an important part in the educational system. -
Period: to
Unfoldment
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The New England Primer
1790-1850 The New England Primer included the alphabet, verses, rhymes, and stories. -
Period: to
Structuralism
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Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt Structuralism proposed by Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is the theory that focuses on print perception as a critical component of the reading process - Reading was thought to be a perceptual process. Wundt focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. -
McGuffey Reader
Rev. William Holmes pulbished the first McGuffey Reader -
Period: to
Modern Learning Theories
This period includes different schools of thought on how a student learns - how they store information and how they interact with literature of all types. -
Operant Conditioning Skinner
Skinner on Conditioning Skinner (1904 - 1990) is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s law of effect. Skinner introduced a new term - the Law of Effect - Reinforcement. Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened). -
Classical Conditioning Pavlov
Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training. A naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Then, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. This theory was proposed by Pavlov (1849 -1946). -
Connectionism Edward Thorndike
Edward Thorndyke and his catsThorndike (1874 - 1949) was one of the first pioneers of active learning, a theory that proposes letting children learn themselves, rather than receiving instruction from teachers. It was based on the stimulus - response belief. -
Period: to
1920 Behavioral Theories
Learning is a behavior. -
1930 Constructivism Bruner
Example of Constructivisim Constructivism is a type of learning theory that explains human learning as an active attempt to construct meaning in the world around us. Constructivism divides learning into two types: accommodation and assimilation. The focus is on the individual’s desire and ability to learn, and the teacher or therapist is merely there to help guide self-directed learning.
This theory was popularized by Jerome Bruner. -
Schema Theory Bartlett
An illustration of schemas Bartlett was ressponsible for coining the phrase He suggested that memory takes the form of schema (knowledge structures) which provide a mental framework for understanding and remembering. -
Transactional/Reader Response Rosenblatt
YouTube Discussion about Rosenblatt
Rosenblatt (1904 - 2005) argues that the act of reading literature involves a transaction between the reader and the text. Each "transaction" is a unique experience in which the reader and text continuously act and are acted upon by each other. -
Leveled Readers
Late 1930's-1960's Leveled Readers were used to teach children to read. They reflected the work of Thorndike (1921) and Dolch (1942). -
Period: to
Constructivism - Rosenblatt
It emphasis the active construction of knowledge -
Cognitive Development Theory Piaget
Piaget Development Theory Piaget suggested that children sort the knowledge they acquire through their experiences and interactions into groupings known as schemas. When new information is acquired, it can either be assimilated into existing schemas or accomodated through revising and existing schema or creating an entirely new category of information. He developed stages to explain the process. -
Cognitive Learning Theory - Chomsky
Purpose of Education - ) Chomsky (1928 - )believed that language developed in children. The theory is built upon the principle "that our language is the result of the unfolding of a genetically determined program." -
Social Development Theory Lev Vygotsky's
Vygotsky (1896 - 1934) believed that social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior. Social interaction promoted learning. -
Initial Teaching Alphabet
During 1960's to early 1970"s the Intitial Teaching Alphabet was to provide children with a phonetically regular alphabet. -
Psycholinguistics Smith, Frank
Psycholinguistics - Introduction Frank Smith believed that reading is primarily a language process. The reader relies on lnaguage cues to help them read the text in a timely manner.They use this cueing system and general knowledge of the world around them to think during the reading process. -
Information - Processing Theory Atkinson
Multi Store Model Of Memory Developmental psychologists (Atkinson and Shiffrin) developed This theory which is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. This perspective equates the mind to a computer, which is responsible for analyzing information from the environment. -
Engagement Theory Guthrie
According to the theory, engaged readers are those who are intrinsically motivated to rad and who therefore read frequently. It includes the elements of metacognition, but emphasizes the motivational, conceptual, and social aspects of learning. Guthrie has designed the CORI (Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction). -
Critical Literacy Theory Freire
Professional Development report of Critical Literacy TheoryCritical Literacy Theory espoused by Freire believed that the education of children was also a politically based phoenomena where schools reproduce the unequal distribution of wealth and power that is the hallmark of capitalist societies, and in doing contributre to the maintenance of the statue guo. He believed that teachers should change the "pedagogy of oppression". -
Gough's Model Philip Gough
Gough's model depicted the cognitive processing of information as proceeding from lower order to higher order states. Reading comprehension is a result of two processes decoding skill and language comprehension. -
Automatic INformation Processing Model LaBerge
Laberge coined the term "automaticity, the ability to perform a task while devoting little attention to the reading task. Attention seems to be a major concept. When automaticity is achieved, the task can now be performed along with one or more other tasks because it no longer requires a large amount of attention such as driving or ryping. -
Interactive Model Rummelhart, D. E.
Rummelhart popularized the understanding that reading is not a simple linear (information moves only in one direction) model. He believed that higher level thinking can affect lower level thinking and promote understanding.. The meaning of the sentence can help a student figure out what an individual word means for example. -
Whole Language Theory Ken Goodman
Ken Goodman supports the theory that says readin;g, like oral language, is a natural process that children will acquire if immersed in high-quality literacy environments and exposed to meaningul, authentic literacy experiences and high quality literature. Listenng, speaking, reading, and writing are all interconnected. -
Theory of Literacy Development Holdaway, Richard D
Holdaway believed that learning is a natural development. Parents are the first role models. He recommends a rich literacy classroom environment, labeling key items around the room, using a classroom management sytle that foster's children's independence and self-regulation, and immersing children in meaningful language experiences with high-quality children's literature. -
Sociolinguistics Bloom
The term was first coined in 1950. Sociolinguistics is a theory from the social learning perspectives that particularly emphasized the role of individuals' language in reading acquisition and reading ability. It asserts that language is learned as a result of people's social interaction with each other. -
Socio-Cultural Bronfenbrenner
This theory emphasizes the social aspect of learning, but Sociolinguistics focuses more on the language aspect =s of these interactions. It focuses more on the broader concept of culture, which includes, but is not limted to, language. Bronfenbrenner (1925-2005) was responsible for starting this movement. -
Basal Reading Programs
During 1970's and 1980's, basal reading programs was the primary instruction materials used. Included was leveled readers, phonics activities, and a great deal of comprehension skill practice. -
Metacognition J H Flavell
J. H. Flavell first used the word "metacognition". He describes it in these words:
Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one's own cognitive processes or anything related to them, e.g., the learning-relevant properties of information or data. -
Social Learning Theory Bandura
Social Learning Theory Bandura (1925 - ) believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. -
Interactive-Compensory Model Stanovich
In this theory Stanovich summarized what "bottom-up" and "top-down" theories are and also reviewed what an interactive model does. Interactive models are non-linear and simultaneously used -
Interactive-Compensatory Models Stanovich, K. E.
Stanovich summarized what "bottom-up" and "top-down" theories are. He also summarized what interactive models do. Interactive models are non-linear meaning that information can come from more that one area at the same time. Compensatory means that when one processor is not working effectively, another processor would "kick-in" and take over the processing of information. -
Computers
During the 1980's computers began to be used for drill and practice and for teaching students to learn to write basic computer programs. -
Emergent Literacy Theory Clay, M. M.
Clay coined the term "emergent literacy". It refers to a period in a chilod's life between birth and when the child can read and write at a conventional (approximately third-grade) level. Development is the areas of listening, speaking, reading, and writing are all interrelated. Literacy begins at birth, is continous and is also ongoing. -
Stage models of reading Chall
Chall suggested that as reading development is not stagnant but is progressive. To better understand the reading process, stages are used to understand the process itself and help promote greater success in the area of reading. Children as they mature approach the task of reading qualitatively. -
Family Literacy Theory Taylor, ennie
Taylor introduced the phrase "family Literacy" in 1983. Research literature support the idea that homes that are "literacy-rich" promote literacy development in school. This theory suggests that parents and the school should work hand in hand in the area of reading. Parents support and promote reading at home and the school provides material, etc. for the student to rad and activities designed to promote comprehension, etc. -
Phonological-Core Variable Difference Model Stanovich
Stanovich believed that the difference between normal and dyslexic individuals was determined by deficits in the phonological realm of cognitive functioning. He also coined the phrase "Matthew-effect" which is a "fan effect; The problem starts with a simple phological deficit which fams out to include other problems that develop from the phonological deficit. -
Parallel Distributed Processing Model/Connectionism Seidenberg, M. S.
This theory has two central features: 1. all cognitive information is stored as a series of connections between units, and 2. these connections between units become stronger and faster with repeated pairings. Successfu reading is dependent on a reader's abilities in four areas: automatic letter recognition, accurate phomenic processing, strong vocabulary knowledge, and the ability to construct meaningful messages during reading. -
Third Space Theory Lefebvre, H.
Lefebvre stated that we are familiar with two spaces that the individual deals with. First space is individual knowledge and discourses; second space is an individual's influence such as school, work, and church. Third space is defined as a combination of first and second space and is one's invisible, internal environment in which identities and other forms of knowledge. -
Dual Route Cascaded Model Colheart, Max
The Dual Route has two ways in which to process words: The first route indentifies familiar words; the second route is based on a letter-to-sound rule procedure. This theory argues that the acquisition and knowledge of rules is the one feature that distinquishes better and poorer readers. Better readers have a greater understanding of the rules. -
Double Deficit Hypothesis Wolf, M
Wolf and Bowers believed that Stanovich did not go far enough in his theory. Yes, there are phonolobical deficits, but there are also naming speed deficits, and a combination of both phonological and naming deficits. -
NCLB
Early 2002 signed into law was NCLB and Reading First initiative.
Increase the amount of federal funding for reading instruction in early grades. Schools provide details of methods to show they were using scientifically based reading instruction. Teachers engage in instruction and assessment of phonemic awareness, phonics, vocab, fluency and comprehension. Required reading instruction based on what works. -
IDEA
IDEA reauthorization in 2004, gave way to Response to Intervention (RtI). It was aimed at reducing the number of students placed in special education and identify and address the needs of struggling readers before they fail. -
Neuroscientific Contributions Goswami, U
Goswani is in the beginning stages with its influence on reading, but she believes that in the future studies of the brain will help us understand hoe the physical structure of the brain affect the ability to read. Hopefully in the future we can diagnose children earlier who will need help and we can understand the affect of varying interventions on the brain. -
Striving Readers
A new grant program to raise the reading achievement levels of middle and high-school aged students in Title I eligible schools. -
Five Pillars of Educational Reform
President Obama delivers his first major education speech with the Five Pillars of Educational Reform for restructuring the nation's educational system.
