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Instructional media appears
The first uses of educational technology appeared in museums during the early 1900s. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/vZjB73 -
VIsual Instructional Media
Beginning in the early 1900s, slides were used to project images onto a screen. These devices were primarily visual aids. -
Audio Instructional Media
During the 1920s, audio media such as radio broadcasting and sound recordings were introduced for instructional purposes. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/dKWuph -
Audio & Visual Instructional Media
The 1930s saw the combination of audio and visual technology used as instructional media. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/Ib0p1T -
Skinner's Operant Conditioning
In 193&, B.F. Skinner, a psychologist, introduced Operant Conditioning. This theory suggested that retaining information and learning is based upon the type of punishment and renforcement provided by the instructor to the pupil. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/1ljsk0 -
WWII Military Training
WWII marked a major event in the use of instructional media. The Division of Visual Aids for War Training was created -
WWII Military Training (cont.)
1943-1945: During WWII, training films using filmstrips were used for military personnel. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/WIXVuB -
Instructional Television
In the early 1950s, the use of instructional television in the home appeared. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/CuysJn -
Instructional Television (cont.)
1952: Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 television channels to be used for educational purposes. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/0PPPST -
Programmed Instruction Educational Model
In 1954, B. F. Skinner and his colleague, J. G. Holland, introduce the Programmed Instruction Educational Model. This included specifying goals, identifying levels of learners, developing a series of steps, and providing reinforcement. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/3SXqQJ -
Bloom's Taxonomy
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom presents his instructional design model, named Bloom's Taxonomy. The model is typically depicted as a pyramid and begins at the base with Knowledge (remembering) and moves upward to Comprehension > Application > Analysis > Synthesis > Evaluation. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/4ic4UP -
Sputnik
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the space satellite, Sputnik. This led to the United States increasing funding for math and science education programs. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/PZ3kfd -
Television moves out
By the 1960s, the use of instructional television was not as popular as when it began. -
Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction
In 1965, Robert Gagne released his Nine Events of Instruction. Each learning stage must be completed before the next one can begin. Gain Attention > Orient the Learner > Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge > Present Stimulus > Provide learner guidance > Elicit performance > Provide feedback > Assess performance > Enhance retention and transfer Image source: https://goo.gl/images/x2Q7Xo -
Instructional Design Models
While Bloom and Gagne presented their models in previous decades, the 1970s saw a greater insterest in instructional design models. In this decade, the Journal of Instructional Development was created. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/KYkxWY -
ADDIE Model
In 1975, Florida State University developed the ADDIE Model for military training. This model follows the structure of Analysis > Design > Develop > Implement > Evaluate Image source: https://goo.gl/images/gkMhtE -
Dick & Carey Model
In 1978, Dick & Carey present their instructional design model: Identifying Instructional Goal(s) > Conduct Instructional Analysis > Analyze Learners and Contexts > Write Performance Objectives > Develop Assessment Instruments > Develop Instructional Strategy > Develop and Select Instructional Materials > Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation of Instruction > Revise Instruction > Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation Image source: https://goo.gl/images/hkE495 -
Computers in homes
1980s: People have personal computers -
Computers in schools
In 1983, computers are introduced as educational tools in elementary and secondary schools. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/zOUc6t -
Rise of the Internet
In the 1990s, Netscape was one of the first Web browsers. It competed with Internet Explorer. Now, hardly anyone uses Netscape or Internet Explorer. The popular Web browsers today are Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/mUWpCy -
eLearning
With online learning, students can access course content and participate in the course both synchronously and asynchronously. ELearning allows for more flexibility in when and where the course is accessed. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/yy6IWe -
Learning Content Management Systems
Learning content management systems, which can create and manage educational content and track grades and assessments within the software, first appeared in the 1990s and 2000s with FirstClass. Today's popular popular LCMS are Blackboard (1997), Canvas (2008), and D2L (1999). Image source: https://goo.gl/images/48w4cN -
Social Media
The 2000s and 2010s see the rise of social media. Popular social media include: Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, Twitter, SnapChat, etc. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/Z0ioHe -
Online Conferencing
Due to online learning, students need to collaborate across distances. Online conferencing technology includes Google Hangouts, Skype, Adobe Connect, Blackboard Collaborate Image source: https://goo.gl/images/OER838 -
Screencasting Software
Screencasting software has aided in eLearning and instruction because it allows instructors to create content and post it in a course. Examples include Jing, Camtasia (also allows for video editing), and Screencastomatic. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/z0DR1O -
Facebook
While there were some social media sites prior to Facebook. Social media did not take off until 2004 when Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook, a social media site, as a way to connect with other students. Image source: https://goo.gl/images/1VKy30 -
Merrill's First Principles of Instruction
In 2007, M. David Merrill from Utah State University introduced his First Principles of Instruction. The problem/task is real-world centered and then students Activate prior knowledge > Demonstrate skills > Apply skills > Integrate skills into real-world Image source: https://goo.gl/images/wNTOSq -
eLearning Librarian
As instructional technology and design have progressed and changed over the many decades, they have created many jobs. One such job is the eLearning Librarian or Distance Education Librarian.
