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World War II
Training materials developed that took into account instruction, learning and behavior. Psychologists began looking at training as a sytem. -
B. F. Skinner article
“The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching”, stated that good instructional materials, should include small steps, frequent questions, immediate feedback, and allow for self-pacing. -
Benjamin Bloom Taxonomy
Bloom coined the three domains of learning: Cognitive (what one knows or thinks), Psychomotor (what one does, physically) and Affective (what one feels, or what attitudes one has). -
Robert Mager article
“Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction” described how to write objectives including behaviors, learning conditions, and assessment. -
Robert Glaser
Used term “criterion-referenced measures” which tests an individual's behavior in relation to a standard, versus a whole group. -
Robert Gagne Five Domains and Nine Events
Described five domains of learning outcomes and nine events of instruction which remain key components of design instruciton. Explained learners needed to acquire prerequisite skills before attempting larger ones. -
Michael Scriven Formative Assessment
Emphasized trying out instructional materials with learners and revising before declaring them finalized. -
David Merrill Component Display Theory
Stressed importance of presentation materials and techniques. -
Personal Computers
Instruction beginning to be designed which utilized this tool. Drill and skill actiivites and games became very popular. -
Constructivist Theory
Emphasized that learning experiences should be real world and authentic and allow the learner to construct their own knowledge. -
World Wide Web
Developed and begins to surface as a potential online learning tool. -
Simulations
Became readily available to learners, thus providing more authentic and realistic learning experiences. -
E-tools
Learning opportunities can now happen anywhere at anytime and with anyone.
