-
Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
-
3900 BCE
Diseases caused by
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatment for the sick
Blood letting
Exorcism
Prayer and Devine intervention -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
Digitalis
-heart medication
Quinine
-controls fever, relieves muscle spasm, prevents malaria
Belladonna and atropine
-relieve muscle spams (gastrointestinal pain)
Morphine
-treats severe pain -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
-
2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health Records
-Called gods to heal
Who are physicians?
-Priests
How did they heal?
-Bloodletting with leaches -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of acupuncture
-treat illnesses/diseases with stone tools -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual
-kept records on observations of what they thought caused illness
Dissection
-religious custom didn't allow bodies to be dissected
Hippocrates
-wrote the standard of ethics called the Oath of Hippocrates -
100
Ancient Romans
Sanitation Systems
-Brought clean water into the cities (public baths)
Organize Medical Care
-Romans were first to organize
Hospital Development
-Public buildings for the care of the sick were established -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
-
500
Stopped the study of medicine, why?
The church believed that life and death were in Gods hands -
700
How do they treat disease?
Prayer -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
-
1100
Epidemics
Epidemics (diseases affecting many people at the same time) caused millions of deaths (Bubonic plague, smallpox, syphilis) -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
-
1450
Rebirth
Universities
-used for research (along with medical schools)
Dissection
-the acceptance of dissection of the body for study
Books
-development of printing and publishing allowed greater access to knowledge for research -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
-
1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studied/recorded the anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabrielle Fallopius
Discovered the Fallopian tubes of the female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat -
William Harvey
Described the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart -
Antoine von Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope -
Apothecaries
Early pharmacy’s started engaging in the flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the east -
Period: to
18th Century
-
Benjamin Franklin
Discoveries included bifocals and he found out that colds can be passed from person to person -
Medical students learning
-attended lectures in the classroom and lab
-observed patients bedside
-when the patients died, they directed and saw the disease process -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered the element oxygen and observed that plants refresh air that has lost its oxygen, making it usable for respiration -
Edward Jenner
Discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox that led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
-
Florence Nightingale
-Founder of modern nursing
-Devoted much of life to better sanitation, construction and management of hospitals
-Designed a hospital ward that improved the environment and are of patients -
Ignaz Semmelweis
He identified the cause of childbed fever. Physicians would dissect dead patients and then deliver babies without washing their hands. The women got infected and Semmelweis noticed this and hand washing and cleanliness became an accepted process. -
Louis Pasteur
-“Father of Microbiology”
-discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere causing disease
-discovered that heating milk prevented growth of bacteria
-created a vaccine for rabies in 1885 -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered some diseases are caused by microorganisms (viruses) -
Joseph Lister
Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection. He was the first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery. -
Ernst von Bergmann
-developed asepsis -
Robert Koch
-discovered many disease causing organisms
-developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
-introduced importance of cleanliness/sanitation -
Paul Ehrlich
-discovered effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms
-on 606th experiment he found a chemical to treat syphilis -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x-rays -
Anesthesia
They used to not have anesthesia and would choke, use herbs, hashish and alcohol to stop pain -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria -
Sigmund Freud
-Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind
-determined the mind and body work together
-his studies were the basis of psychology and psychiatry -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that s seas polio virus caused immunity to poliomyelitis -
Albert Sabin
Used a live polio virus vaccine -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its known double helix -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant -
Ben Carson
Continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies, surgeries on the brain to stop seizures -
Period: to
21st Century
-
Transplant
Taking organs from a donor to a recipient -
Electronic Health Records
Patient records stored electronically in a digital format -
Noninvasive Techniques
A technique that doesn’t break the skin -
3D Printing
Development of new surgical cutting and drill guides, prosthetics, patient-specific replicas of bones, organs and blood vessels -
Telemedicine
Electronic communications to send important medical information to a patient/healthcare provider