-
Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
This was during early human development and medicine wasn't a focus. Illness was seen as a curse or a supernatural occurrence. -
3900 BCE
Disease Causes by?
Supernatural Spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for sick?
Ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits.
Herbs, plants and medicines. -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used today
Digitalis ( Heart )
Quinine ( Fever Reducer, prevents muscle spasms and prevents malaria )
Belladonna and atropine ( Relieve muscle spasm, especially in gastrointestinal pain )
Morphine ( High pain reliever ) -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
Advancements in health where starting to come about. -
2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health records
* Egyptians where the first to keep accurate health records
Who are physicians?
* Priests
How did they heal?
*Medicines and leeches ( Blood related problems ) -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of acupuncture
*treated a variety of illnesses with stone tools and is still used today. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual
* Greeks where the first to study illness and determined it was natural not spiritual.
Dissection
* Was not allowed by religious customs
Hippocrates
* Based his knowledge on anatomy and physiology on the observations of the external body. He had records of symptoms of certain diseases which confirmed that illness was not caused by supernatural forces. He also wrote the standard ethics called the oath of Hippocrates. This oath is still taken today -
100
Ancient Romans
Sanitation systems
*Romans wore death masks with spices in the beak which was believed to protect from infection and bad odors.
Organize medical care
* During war Roman’s sent equipment and physicians to help wounded soldiers
Hospital development
* Roman physicians had a room in their house to home the ill which was the first idea of a hospital. The physicians where payed by the Roman government. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Ages
Kind of fitting in with the Middle Ages, the development of medicine and health wasn't moving anywhere after the Roman Empire was conquered by northern nomads and only higher ranking convents and monasteries studied and practiced medicine. -
500
Stopped the study of medicine, why?
The Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns( nomads from the north ) And because only convents and monasteries practiced medicine, there was no interest in researching the human anatomy or how the body functioned becuase they believed the health of people and the decision of life and death was in gods hands. -
700
How do they treat disease?
Prayer was primary but medication was still around, medications was mostly herbal mixture's. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
Health was still not a main focus but started to pick back up. -
1100
Epidemics
During this time there were a lot of deadly epidemics which would cause millions of deaths. A big one was the Bubonic plague which was estimated to killed 60 million people. There are several others that could be listed that we still see today. The ones we see today aren’t as common anymore because of the use of a vaccination. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
Seen as the rebirth of learning and technology -
1450
Rebirth?
Universities
* There where the schools to learn and practice medicine
Dissection
* The dissection of the Body was see seen as more of a normal to study the human anatomy.
Books
* After the invention of the print and press books where used more to spread ideas, thoughts and cures to certain illnesses. -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
The desire to learn during this time was at its highest point and there more resources to gain this information so we started to see certain people pop up that discovered new things or studied a certain part of the human anatomy that helped us better understand medicine and treatment. -
1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Famous for studying and recording his discoveries of the human anatomy. -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
He discovered the tube that leads from the ear to the throat -
William Harvey
using the knowledge of physiology he was able to figure out the circulation of blood and how the heart pumped it -
Antoine von Leeuwenhoek
He invented the microscope and discovered that there is life and things smaller than what the human eye can see which helped him discover that tooth decay is caused by bacteria and he also discover that germs that cause disease where visible but he didn’t know that. -
Apothecaries
First starting in medieval England, these are what we know today as pharmacies. These places were the center of “medicine” and traded out drugs and spices from the east. -
Period: to
18th Century
A lot of new advances in the medical world that helped further teaching Health and the practice of medicine was at a peak. -
Benjamin Franklin
First to invent the bifocals and discovered that colds where contagious and could be passed on from person to person. -
Medical Students learning
Students became more in depth with disease and how the human body went through the process of death. After a patient passed, doctors and students where able to dissect the body to better understand the human anatomy and locate and tie together illness with death. -
Joseph Priestley
The guy who discovered the element oxygen and also observed that plants refresh air that ha lost its oxygen, making it usable for respiration. -
Edward Jenner
This guy created the first vaccine which prevents the disease smallpox. This discovery was very big for the world because it laid a foundation for future vaccines and helped the future of public health. -
Rene Laennec
This person was the inventor of the stethoscope. This device helped a doctor hear the heart and lungs of a patient. This helped doctors understand location of diseases better. -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
The 19th century was the beginning of the organized advancement of medical science. Health and medicine was rapidly increasing, people where learning and getting cured. -
Ignacio Semmelweis
Ignacio Semmelweis discovered a cause and solution for puerperal fever (childbed fever). After noticing death in a certain group of women he tied it back to the cleanliness of the doctors who delivered babies. Infection was passed from doctor to mother because certain measures weren't taken to insure that bacteria was not being passed Some laughed but some followed Ignacio Semmelweis and now today cleanliness in an important part of the public health. -
Florence Nightingale
During the 1860s doctors came from the lowest class or lower middle class. Being a nurse wasn't a job people wanted to do, but Florence Nightingale was very passionate about the job of a nurse. She paved the way for common hospitals, and showed that being a nurse was not for the weak but for the people who really care and have a strong urge to help the people in need. She set up the Nightingale Fund which helped pay for training, protection and and the living costs of being a nurse. -
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur achieved many great things during his life time. He is considered " The Father of Microbiology" and found out that microorganisms are everywhere and aren't created by disease but cause disease. Louis Pasteur also discovered that by heating up milk it prevented bacteria from growing in milk people drink. This method is still used today. Lastly, he discover the vaccine for rabies in 1885. -
Dimitri Ivanovski
Discovered what viruses are. He discovered that these microorganisms could not be seen using the microscope. A Couple examples of the unseeable viruses are.
*Rabies
*chicken pox
*Influenza -
Ernst Von Bergman
Ernst Von Bergman developed asepsis. Following in the work of Lister and Pasteur he was able to research deeper into how cleanliness is important with open wounds because the bacteria can easily get into the patient and that's why sanitation and cleanliness is vital to make sure the patient is safe. So Ernst Von Bergman created a method of having a sanitized germ-free are before and during surgery. -
Robert Koch
He discovered disease causing organisms and developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens. He also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. He also introduced and pushed for cleanliness and sanitation to prevent harmful bacteria and to stop the spread of diseases. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered X-rays, these helped what was inside the human body like bones without having to cut open the patients hand up or just assume it was or wasn’t broken. -
Anesthesia
In early years of medicine people where in a lot of pain during procedures, herbs hashish and alcohol where used to try and prevent pain. Another method not so liked was when doctor's would choke the patients to make them unconscious to not have to deal with pain so much. Because of the high pain some patients would go into shock and die from pain during surgery. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin killed a life threatening bacteria. It was a major break through in medicines and cures many diseases today. -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered the unconscious and conscious parts of the human brain but was mainly focused on the unconscious part. He concluded that the mind and body work together which let him to understand the concept of psychosomatic illness. Which was the early start of psychology and psychiatry. -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovery of sulfonamide compounds.
This was the first effective medication that killed bacteria which helped killed off deadly diseases. -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. It was a big disease that paralyzed tons of people every year. -
Albert Sabin
Compared to salks virus, he used a live polio virus vaccine which was more affective against the disease. Today, this vaccine is used to prevent dreaded disease in infants. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
These guys discovered the molecular structure of DNA and the helix structure, how DNA replicates, and the idea about how traits are passed on to offspring from DNA. -
Christian Barnard
Preformed the first heart transplant on a patient in 1968 -
Ben Carson
Was a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and working on hemispherectomies, which is a surgery on the brain to help prevent seizure in the future. -
Period: to
21st Century
Today, medicine is at its peak and continues to rise every year with new advancements and breakthroughs that are helping more and more patients live to see another day. We’ve also seen more areas in the medical field open up that cover more of the public’s health, such as mental health. -
Fine 5 Advancements in medicine in this century you feel are important.
Rene Laennec who invented the stethoscope.
Christian Barnard preformed the first heart transplant.
Anesthesia
Discovery of penicillin
Ben Franklin who invented bifocals/glasses