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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early beginning’s
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3900 BCE
Disease caused by?
Supernatural spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatment’s for sick?
Doctors performed ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
- Digitalis comes from the foxglove plant • Today it’s used to treat heart conditions • It originally was used to strengthen and slow the heartbeat
- Quinine comes from cinchona trees and helps control fevers, muscle spasms, and prevent malaria.
- Belladonna and atropine come from the poisonous nightshade plant and they are used to relieve muscle spasm, and gastrointestinal pain.
- Morphine is made from opium poppy and it’s used to treat severe pain.
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Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
- health records: they were the first to keep accurate records.
- who are the physicians? The priests.
- how did they heal? They called upon the gods to heal them.
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1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of acupuncture: Early medical pioneers learned to treat a variety of things with stone tools. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
- Illness cause Nature Vs. Spiritual: They studied the causes of diseases and found that they were Natural and not Spiritual.
- Dissection: Religious custom didn’t allow body’s to be dissected.
- Hippocrates: The father of medicine, based his knowledge on observing the external body.
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100
Ancient Romans
- Sanitation system’s: they brought clean water into the cities, built sewers to carry off waist, and built public baths.
- Organize medical care: they were the first to organize medical care.
- hospital development: physician’s kept a room in there house for the ill.
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Period: 400 to 800
Dark age
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500
Stopped the study of medicine, why?
Because the church believed that life and death were in god’s hands. -
700
How do they treat disease?
The primary treatment was a prayer, and medication was herbal mixtures. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle age
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1100
Epidemics
They caused millions of deaths during this period. Some of the uncontrolled diseases included the plague, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis most of which now have vaccines. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth?
- University’s: they built buildings and universities for research.
- Dissection: was accepted for studying the body.
- Books: allowed for greater access to knowledge from research.
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Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
He studied and recorded the anatomy of the human body. -
1550
Gabriel Fallopius
Discovered the Fallopian tubes. -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from your ear to your throat. -
William Harvey
Used his knowledge of physiology to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart. -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
He invented the microscope, and found bacteria that causes tooth decay not yet realizing it. -
Apothecaries
Early pharmacy’s started flourishing trade in drugs and spices. -
Period: to
18th century
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Benjamin Franklin
Created bifocals and found that colds can be passed from person to person. -
Medical students learning
They attended lectures, observed patients bedside, and dissected the body to observe the disease process. -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered oxygen, and that plants refresh the oxygen in the air. -
Edward Jenner
Discovered a vaccination for smallpox that led to immunization and preventive medicine in public health. -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope, it was first made of wood. -
Period: to
19th and 20th centuries
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Florence Nightingale
Founder of modern nursing. -
Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified the cause of childbed fever was lack of washing hands. -
Louis Pasteur
Known as the “Father of Microbiology”, discovered tiny microorganisms were everywhere, and that heating milk prevented bacteria. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered some diseases are caused by microorganisms that can’t be seen with a microscope called viruses, you can only see them with a electron microscope. -
Joseph Lister
Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs and became the first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery. -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed a way to keep an area germ-free before a after surgery, Asepsis. -
Robert Koch
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and isolate the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, and introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of disease. -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered the effects of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms. The treatment was effective on some microorganisms but not in killing other bacteria. This brought about the use of chemicals to fight disease. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered X-rays and took the first one of his wife’s hand, this discovery allowed doctors to see inside the body and figure out what’s wrong. -
Anesthesia
Before the 19th century, pain was a big problem because they didn’t have anesthesia for surgeries. Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help with pain. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria, this discovery was considered very important in the 20th century. -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered the unconscious and conscious parts of the mind, he studied the effects of the unconscious mind on the body. -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered sulfanilamide compounds, they were the first medication’s to kill bacteria. -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis, the virus paralyzed many adults and children each year, it attacked the most active/athletic people. -
Albert Sabin
Used a live polio virus vaccine which is more effective. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA, their model explained how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on, it set the stage for molecular biology. -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant. -
Ben Carson
Is a pioneer to separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies, surgery on the brain to stop seizures. -
Period: to
21st century
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Lab grown organ’s
After figuring out how to make cells grow, organize, and specialize into 3D structures similar to human tissues, scientists have created a veritable zoo of "organoids," including livers, pancreases, stomachs, hearts, kidneys, and even mammary and salivary glands. -
Smart contact lense
Microsoft developed a glucose-monitoring smart lens, and now Purdue biomedical/mechanical engineering assistant professor, Chi Hwan, believes placing thin-film sensors in contacts is the next step. Meanwhile, Michigan electrical and computer engineering assistant professor, Zhaohui Zhong, is producing night-vision smart lenses. -
Smart pills
The FDA approved smart pills, which contain tiny embedded sensors that communicate via smartphone with users about whether they’ve already taken their medication. Smart pills can also give doctors a better understanding of a pill’s usage and effectiveness in patients. -
Advancements to Telemedicine
Health care providers are now using electronic communication to send important medical information to the patient or another health provider, and have online doctor visits. -
A lab on a chip
Stanford University recently developed what they call “a lab on a chip” based on CRISPR enzyme Cas12. The size of half a credit card, contains a complex network of channels smaller than the width of a human hair that can deliver a coronavirus test’s results in under 30 minutes.