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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early beginnings
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3900 BCE
Diseases caused by?
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for the sick
Blood letting
Exorcism
Prayer and Devine intervention -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
Digitalis- used for heart conditions
Quinine- controls fever, relives muscle pain, and helps prevent malaria
Belladonna and atropine- relives muscle pain
Morphine-treats severe pain -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health records- ancient Egyptians had the earliest accurate records
Who are physicians- workers and artist who had noble and sacred missions to save people
How did they heal- splinting fractures, bloodletting with leaches medication -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of acupuncture- practiced since the Stone Age, and ancient art of using tools to heal -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness cause, nature vs spiritual- first studies show nature at fault
Dissection- religious beliefs don’t allow bodies to be dissected
Hippocrates- he created notes about the physical appearance of human anatomy and wrote ethics on medical use -
100
Ancient romans
Sanitation systems- first to have clean bathing water, and separate water for drinking
Organize medical care- sent equipment and doctors to army bases.
Hospital development- public buildings, doctors paid by government -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark age
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500
Stopped the study of medicine, why?
Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns, not allowing studies -
700
How do they treat disease
With prayers and herbal mixtures. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle age
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Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth?
Universities- new schools and hospitals
Dissection- was accepting of dissecting bodies
Books- the development of printing press and publishing books -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studies and recorded the anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabrielle fallopius
Discovered ran fallotubed tubes of the female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo
Discovered the tube from the ear to float -
William harvey
Understood physiology, and was able to describe blood circulation and the pumping of the art. -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope, and discovered life smaller than the eye can see. -
Apothecaries
First kind of pharmacies, and traded drugs for spices from the East -
Period: to
18th century
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Benjamin Franklin
Discovered bifocals and found out colds could transfer people -
Medical students learning
-Attended medical studies
-watch patients at bedside
-dissect dead bodies -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered oxygen and how to make breathable -
Edward jenner
Created the smallpox vaccination, and that led to other immunizations. -
Rene laennec
Invented the stethoscope, used for hearing the heart and lungs, and to detect diseases. -
Period: to
19th and 20th centuries
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Florence nightingale
Created classes for female medical education, helped bring more women into hospitals -
Ignaz Semmelweis
Found what caused childbirth fever, physicians didn’t wash hands after handling corpses. -
Louis Pasteur
-“father of microbiology”
Discovered tiny microorganisms are everywhere
-They cause disease
-Pasteurization kills bacteria in milk, still used today -
Dmitri ivanovski
-Discovered that microorganisms could be deadly
Weren’t recognizable until electron microscope was invented, not by him -
Joseph lister
-Realized microorganisms can cause infections
-carbolic acid on wounds
-first doctor to create antiseptic
-used it during surgery to prevent infections -
Ernst von Bergman
-developed sterile conditions (asepsis)
-germ cause infections
-beginning of asepsis -
Robert Koch
-discovered disease causing organisms
-culture plate method
-identify pathogens
-isolated the bacterium in tuberculosis
-cleanliness in surgical sites -
Paul ehrlich
- the effect of medicines on microorganisms -treatment was affective on some organisms -Brought the use of chemicals to treat diseases -found treatment for syphilis
-
Wilhelm roentgen
-Discovered x-rays
-first picture of his wife’s hand
-allowed doctors to see what was wrong with their patients -
Anesthesia
-used to preform without it
-early doctors used herbs and alcohol
-used to choke patients to unconsciousness
-many died from shock
-Nitro oxide, ether, chloyform -
Sir Alexander Fleming
-found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria 🧫
- it can treat now, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning -
Sigmund Freud
-discovered the unconscious and conscious parts of the brain
- mind and body work together
-studies led to psychology and psychiatry -
Gerard domagk
-discovered sulfonamide compounds
- started newer medicine by killing diseases -
Jonas salk
-Discovered old polio virus, that would cause immunity to poliomyelitis
-paralyzed kids and adults -
Albert sabin
-used live polio virus vaccine
-used on babies to treat the dreaded disease before it happens -
Christian barnard
-performed first successful near transplant -
Ben carson
-pioneered the surgery to separate conjoined twins
-preforms hemispheectomies surgeries to stop seizures -
Period: to
21st century
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Multi drug tuberculosis treatment
- provides first heart evidence of infected people
- can be treated successfully by developing out patient treatment
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Joan brugge, discover cancer cells
- discovered cancer cells do self suicide and apoptosis -cancer cells can die of starvation -pointed to tumor killing strategies
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Cardiac hypertrophy reverseal
- gdf11 can reverse cardiac hypertrophy -can thicken heart muscle
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The “graying” of T cells
-loss of immune defenses with aging
-Medobolic pathway
-weakened immune system -
Covid vaccination
-discovered vaccine to defend Covid
-helped cure
-less deaths