-
Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
-
3900 BCE
Disease Caused By
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for the Sick
- Bloodletting
- Exorcism
- Prayer and divine intervention
-
3100 BCE
Medicine Used Today
Digitalis:
- comes from foxglove plant, earlier people chewed the leaves
- given as pill, intravenously, injection now Quinine:
- taken from bark of cinchona tree
- controls fever, relives muscle spasms, helps prevent malaria Belladonna and atropine:
- made from nightshade plant (poisonous)
- relives muscle spasms, especially in GI pain Morphine:
- made from opium poppy
- treats severe pain
- addicting
- used as last option -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
-
2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
- kept accurate records
- priests were healers of disease (used leeches and splints)
-
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
- pioneered acupuncture in medicine with stone tools
-
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
- researches disease cause
- did not think diseases were sent by a higher power
- disease was caused by poor sanitation
- religion didn’t allow body dissections
- Hippocrates wrote Oath of Hippocrates (ethic standard)
-
100
Ancient Romans
- aqueducts, sewage systems, public baths with filters
- med equipment and physicians were found in army
- room in physician’s house for sick (early hospital)
-
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
-
500
Stopped Study of Medicine
- Roman Empire conquered by the Huns
- Church believed life and death was up to God
-
700
Treating Disease
- holy people administered healing through prayer and herbs
- care was custodial
-
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
-
1100
Epidemics
- lack of healthcare caused outbreaks of disease (Bubonic plague, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis)
-
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
-
1450
Rebirth of Learning
- universities and med schools were built
- body dissections were accepted again
- printing press developed, books published
-
Period: 1501 to
16th & 17th Centuries
-
1515
Leonardo da Vinci
- studied and recorded human anatomy
-
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
- discovered fallopian tubes
-
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
- discovered tube from ear to throat (Eustachian tube)
-
William Harvey
- anatomy knowledge was used to understand physiology
- described circulation of blood and pumping of heart
-
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
- invented microscope
- found bacteria that causes tooth decay
-
Apothecaries
- early pharmacies
- traded drugs and spices
-
Period: to
18th Century
-
Benjamin Franklin
- bifocals
- colds were passed person to person
-
Med Students Learning
- attended lectures, labs, observed bedside
- dissected dead patients
- better understanding of illness and death
-
Joseph Priestley
- discovered the element oxygen
- plants refresh used air
-
Edward Jenner
- smallpox vaccinations
- led to immunization and preventative meds
-
Rene Laennec
- invented stethoscope
-
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
-
Ignaz Semmelweis
- identifies causes of childhood fever
- midwives died less than physicians
- physicians went to dead room to dissect bodies without washing hands after
- when they delivered babies, they infected the women
- strong hand washing advocate
-
Florence Nightingale
- Volunteered in hospitals
- Took group of 38 women to care for dying, cholera-stricken soldiers
- wanted effective training for nurses, construction of, management of, and sanitation of hospitals
- designed clean hospital ward
-
Louis Pasteur
- Father of Microbiology
- discovered micro organisms were everywhere, could cause disease, not created by it
- discovered pasteurization of milk kills germs
- rabies vaccine
-
Dimitri Ivanovski
- discovered viruses
-
Joseph Lister
- used antiseptics during surgery
-
Ernest bon Bergmann
- developed asepsis
-
Robert Koch
- discovered disease-causing organisms
- importance of cleanliness
-
Paul Ehrlich
- discovered effect of meds on disease-causing microorganisms
- treatment for syphilis
-
William Roentgen
- discovered x-rays
-
Anesthesia
- early = choked to unconsciousness
- now = chloroform
-
Sir Alexander Fleming
- penicillin killed deadly bacteria
-
Sigmund Freud
- conscious & unconscious parts of mind
-
Gerhard Domagk
- sulfonamide compounds
- meds killed bacteria
-
Jonas Salk
- dead polio caused immunity to poliomyelitis
-
Albert Sabin
- used live polio virus for immunization (more effective)
-
Francis Crick and James Watson
- discovered molecular structure of DNA
- Nobel Prize winners
-
Christian Bernard
- performed 1st successful heart transplant
-
Ben Carson
- separates conjoined twins
- preforms hemispherectomies
-
Period: to
21st Century
-
Care
- care for the unborn fetus
-
Alternative Medicine
- acupuncture
- acupressure
- herbal therapy
-
Transplants
- organ transplants from donors to recipients
-
Reattachment
- successfully reattach severed body parts
-
Diagnosis
- non-penetrative diagnosis techniques