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In Primitive times herbs and plants were used for medicines such as morphine for digitals in the heart and pain which is still used today.
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During this time, people believed that diseases were from gods, spirts, and demons.
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The average lifespan in the primitive time was only around 20 years of age.
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To heal illness and disease they used magic, medicinal plants, and looked to the gods to help them.
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Most of the first physicians in ancient Egypt were priests that studied medicine. Imhotep was known as the first physician and was considered the god of medicine.
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The average lifespan in Ancient Egypt was around 20-30 years.
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Human body dissection was rarely practiced because of religious beliefs and the body was known as sacred.
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Ancient Chinese believed that the body should be medically observed and treated as a whole with curing of the spirit and nourishment of the body.
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The average lifespan during the ancient Chinese time period was 20-30 years
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Greek physician, Hippocrates, was called the father of medicine for his beliefs and methods of observing the body along with the Oath of Hippocrates. He documented symptoms and signs of diseases and created standards for ethics.
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Aristotle was known for dissecting animals and comparative anatomy concepts.
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The average lifespan of ancient Greeks was 25-35 years.
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Ancient Rome invented the earliest sewer systems using aqueducts, drains, filtering systems, and sewers to improve the sanitation of water and reduce likelihood of malaria.
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Once soldiers did not have access to be treated in homes anymore, they started to use charitable and religious establishments as hospitals.
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25-35 years was the average lifespan in 300AD.
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The study of medicine was prohibited in the dark age because the people believed saving the soul.
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During this time they treated illness and disease with religious practices and prayer.
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The dark Age had an average lifespan of 20-30 years.
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Physicians began to learn at medical universities in the Middle Ages.
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In the middle ages the Bubonic plague or Black Death killed around 3/4 of the population in Europe and Asia.
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Rhazes was an Asian physician who diagnosed patients based on observations and symptoms of disease, developed differences between smallpox and measles, believed blood could be the cause of diseases, and used animal guts for sutures.
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20-35 years was the average lifespan in the Middle Ages.
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The Renaissance is commonly called the rebirth of science medicine because of the new information and resources available to them that advanced medicine.
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In this time physicians began to dissect the body which helped to better understand the human body and anatomy.
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Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci were able to draw the human body very realistically and accurately with the help of dissection.
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During the Renaissance the average lifespan was 30-40 years.
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Causes to different diseases were still unknown and there were lots of deaths from disease, infection, and puerperal fever.
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Ambroise Pare was a French surgeon who used ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding, eliminated the usage of boiling oil for wounds, and improved the way fractures were treated while also promoting the use of artificial limbs.
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Gabriel Fallopius discovered and identified the fallopian tubes in females, he also described the tympanic membrane in the ear.
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35-45 years was the average lifespan in the 16th century.
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In 1628 William Harvey described the circulation of blood that goes to and from the heart.
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The microscope was invented in 1666 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
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Apothecaries were the early pharmacists of the 17th century that would make, prescribe, and sell medicines.
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In the 16th and 17th century the average lifespan was 35-45 years of age.
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The first mercury thermometer was made by Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714
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James Lind used lime juice which contains vitamin C for a patient to prevent scurvy.
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A vaccination for small pox was created by Edward Jenner in 1796
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The 18th century had an average lifespan of 40-50 years.
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In 1818 the first successful human blood transfusion was preformed by James Blundell.
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Elizabeth Blackwell in 1849, became the first female physician in the United States.
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Modern nursing was founded by Florence Nightingale, she created sanitary and efficient nursing units during the Crimean War, opened a school named after her, opened homes for nurses, and began to education nurses professionally.
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The American Red Cross was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton. The international Red Cross was founded in 1863
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The roentgenogram (X-ray) was discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in the year 1895.
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The average lifespan was 40-60 years in the 19th century.
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Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 discovered penicillin which treats infections
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Open heart surgery happened in 1953 using the first heart-lung machine.
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In the 1960‘s there were many successful transplants that were preformed including transplants for the liver, lung, heart, and kidney.
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In 1975 the computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan was developed.
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In England, 1978, Louise Brown was the first “test tube” baby was born.
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The average lifespan in the 20th century was 60-70 years.
