History of Healthcare - Krueger

Early Beginnings

Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE

What is disease caused by?

3900 BCE

Evil spirits

Treatments for the sick

3600 BCE

• Blood letting
• Exorcism
• Prayer and divine intervention

Medicines used today

3100 BCE

Digitalis
- to treat heart conditions
Quinine
- controls fever, relives muscle spasms, and prevents malaria
Belladonna and atropine
- relives muscle spasms (gastrointestinal)
Morphine
- treats pain

Ancient Times

Period: 2999 BCE to 399

Ancient Egyptians

2900 BCE

Health records
- first to have accurate health records
Who are physicians?
- priests were physicians
How did they heal?
- called upon gods for healing
- used medicines
- learned to splint fractures
- bloodletting (leeches)

Ancient Chinese

1900 BCE

Development of acupuncture
- first to use acupuncture therapies
- learned to use stone tools to treat many illnesses and disease
- developed into the Chinese acupuncture used today

Ancient Greeks

900 BCE

Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual
- were first to study cause of illness
- eventually figured out it was natural and not spiritual
Dissection
- bodies were not allowed to be dissected
Hippocrates
- wrote the standard of ethics “Oath of Hippocrates”

Ancient Romans

100

Sanitation Systems
- brought clean water to cities
- built sewers and public baths
Organize medical care
- first to organize medical care
Hospital development
- kept rooms in their homes dedicated to the sick

Dark Age

Period: 400 to 800

Why did it stop the study of medicine?

500

The church believed that life and death was the choice of god

How disease is treated?

700

• treatment turned to prayer
• herbal mixtures

Middle Age

Period: 800 to 1400

Epidemics

1100

• millions of deaths from diseases
• Bubonic plague (the Black Death) killed 60 million
• others include smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis
• now not always life threatening ~ vaccines and medications have been created to control diseases

Renaissance

Period: 1350 to 1650

Rebirth?

1450

• during the renaissance, new scientific progress and developments Universities
• built universities and medical schools for research
• searched for new ideas instead of “leaving it up to God” Dissection
• was final accepted for the study of the body Books
• developed the printing press and publishing books
• allowing access to more research

16th and 17th Centuries

Period: 1501 to 1700

Leonardo da Vinci

1515

• studied and recorded anatomy of body

Gabrielle Fallopius

1550

• discovered the Fallopian tubes (female anatomy)

Bartolommeo Eustachio

1563

• discovered the Eustachian tube (runs from ear to throat)

William Harvey

1628

• knowledge of physiology
• able to describe circulation of blood and heart pumping

Antonie von Leeuwenhoek

1666

• invented the microscope
• scraped teeth and found bacteria causing tooth decay
• now germ causing disease was visible

Apothecaries

1675

• early pharmacies
• trade of drugs and spices in the East

18th Century

Period: 1701 to 1800

Benjamin Franklin

1730

• discovered bifocals and how colds spread (from person to person)

Medical students learning

1750

• students attended lectures in classroom
• observed patients at bedside
• dissected dead bodies to observe disease process
• led to more knowledge of causes to illness/death
• in 18th century more med students

Joseph Priestley

1755

• discovered the element oxygen
• noticed plants give air oxygen after it’s lost (respiration)

Edward Jenner

1796

• saved lives from smallpox with a method of vaccination
• discovery led to preventative medicine and immunization

Rene Laennec

1799

• invented stethoscope
• first was made of wood
• helped doctors find disease and hear heart/lungs

19th and 20th Centuries

Period: 1801 to 2000

Florence Nightingale

1860

• took group of women to Crimean to care for soldiers who had cholera
• helped get women to be nurses and changed the belief that nursing wasn’t a good occupation for respectable women

Ignaz Semmelweis

1860

• found cause of puerperal fever (childbed fever)
• fever killed women after birth
• realized physicians were causing ~ needed to clean better
• made cleanliness an important part of health care
• now used to control infection

Louis Pasteur

1885

• discovered microorganisms
• proved they cause diseases
• found that heating milk stops bacteria growth
• lead to pasteurizing milk (kills bacteria)
• created vaccine for rabies

Dmitri Ivanovski

1892

• found some diseases caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with microscope
• called viruses
• not studied until electron microscope (Germany)
• viruses cause many diseases

Joseph Lister

1895

• used carbolic acid on wounds (parent infection)
• first doctor to use antiseptic to prevent infection in incision

Ernst von Bergmann

1905

• created beginning of antiseptic
• method to keep area clean throughout surgery

Robert Koch

1910

• discovered disease causing organisms
• culture plate (method to find pathogens, isolated tuberculosis causing bacteria)
• importance of sanitation

Paul Ehrlich

1912

• discovered effect of medicine on microorganisms
• effective on some, not all bacteria
• lead to cause of chemicals on disease
• found treatment for syphilis

Wilhelm Roentgen

1920

• discovered x-rays
• first picture was of wife’s hand
• helped doctors to see inside the body

Anesthesia

1925

• used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to relive pain in surgery
• also choked unconscious to stop pain
• many died from pain and shock
• nitrous dioxide, ether, chloroform discovered (deep sleep during surgery)
• lead to the painless surgery today

Sir Alexander Fleming

1928

• discovered life threading infection can be treated with penicillin
• considered one of the most important discoveries in 20th century
• life threatening diseases now can be cured

Sigmund Freud

1930

• found conscious vs. unconscious parts of mind
• studied unconscious effects of mind on body
• mind works with body
• discoveries were the start of psychology and psychiatry

Gerhard Domagk

1945

• discovered sulfonamide compounds
• first effective to kill bacteria
• changed practice of medicine (killing disease)

Jonas Salk

1955

• found that a dead polio virus = immunity to poliomyelitis
• this virus paralyzed thousands every year
• people feared disease and many died from death/crippling
• vaccine saved many people

Albert Sabin

1961

• used live polio virus vaccine (was more effective)
• used today to protect babies from poliomyelitis

Francis Crick and James Watson

1962

• discovered molecular structure of DNA
• model showed how DNA replicates and hereditary info
• in 1962 they won the Nobel Prize

Christian Barnard

1968

• first successful heart transplant in 1968

Ben Carson

1987

• performs surgeries to separate Siamese twins
• performs hemispherectomies (on brain to stop seizures)

21st Century

Period: 2001 to 2023

Artificial Organs

2002

• constant need for organ transplants (hard to find right donors)
• eyes, heart, skin, bone, muscles, bone, and liver have been successful
• solves having to wait for organs and saves many lives

Laparoscopic Surgery

2002

• small incisions for cameras or instruments
• less pain, easier/better recovery
• minimally invasive surgery (some can’t withstand long/regular surgery)

Controlling Heart Disease

2002

• deaths have decreased significantly
• during heart attack can be treated
• many advancements such as bypass surgery
• health prioritized = healthy heart = less heart problems

Targeted Cancer Therapies

2002

• instead of chemo/radiation (could cause more cancer) treatment is targeted towards cancer cells
• chemo/radiation attacks cancer and healthy cells
• targets deadly cancer cells and blocks the cells (strops spread)
• 25 drugs have been approved by FDA

Functional MRI

2002

• doctors can see in the brain (how it’s working/what it does)
• can track changes in blood cells, oxygen levels, blood circulation, etc.
• doctors access brain/spinal cord without procedures