History of Healthcare Giannunzio

Early Beginnings

Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE

Disease caused by

3900 BCE

evil spirits

Treatments for the sick

3600 BCE

Blood letting
Exorcism
Prayer and Devine intervention

Medicines used today

3100 BCE

• digitalis is a heart medication that strengthens and slows the heart
• quinine is used to relive muscle spasms, prevent malaria, and control fevers
• Belladonna and atropine relieve muscle spasms and prevents malaria
• morphine is used to treat severe pain

Ancient Times

Period: 2999 BCE to 399

Ancient Egyptians

2900 BCE

• Egyptians were the earliest to keep accurate health records
• physicians were priests
• they called upon the gods to heal them and used medication

Ancient Chinese

1900 BCE

• first to use it, they originally treated disease and illness with stone tools that slowly developed into Chinese acupuncture

Ancient Greeks

900 BCE

• they took notes and studied the causes of illness and disease which helped eliminate superstition. they didn’t believe in spiritual causes
• dissections weren't allowed because of religious customs
• Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine and created the Hippocratic oath

Ancient Romans

100

• they brought clean water to their city via aqueducts. They also built sewers to carry of their waste, and public baths that had filtering systems
• they were the first to organize medical care. They sent their armies medical equipment and physicians to help the wounded.
• the Roman physicians kept rooms in their houses to treat the sick. That led to the beginning of hospitals

Dark Age

Period: 400 to 800

Stopped the study of medicine, why?

500

• Huns conquered the Roman Empire. The study of medical science stopped because the church believed god was in control of life and death and nothing could stop that.

How do they treat disease?

700

• the primary treatment was prayer and herbal mixtures. The church believed life rested in Gods’ hands. The monks and priests had no interest in how our body functions

Middle Age

Period: 800 to 1400

Epidemics

1100

• epidemics caused millions of deaths. The bubonic plague was extremely popular and deadly.
• other epidemics include, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis

Renaissance

Period: 1350 to 1650

Rebirth?

1450

• new scientific programs began during this time period leading to the building of universities and medical schools to be used for research.
• dissections were finally accepted so they could study the body
• many books were sold, and they allowed greater access to knowledge from research

16th and 17th centuries

Period: 1501 to 1700

Leonardo da Vinci

1515

• da Vinci recorded and depicted the anatomy of the human body

Gabrielle Fallopius

1550

• discovered the Fallopian tubes of the female anatomy

Bartolommeo Eustachio

1563

• discovered the Eustachian tube (tube that leads from the ear to the throat)

William Harvey

1628

• he used da Vinci’s depiction of the human body to better understand the physiology. He described the circulation of blood and pumping of the heart

Antoine von Leeuwenhoek

1666

• invented the microscope, that lead to the realization that there’s life smaller than the eye can see.
• he discovered bacteria causes tooth decay

Apothecaries

1675

• apothecaries, were early pharmacies that engaged in a growing trade in drugs and spices.

18th Century

Period: 1701 to 1800

Benjamin Franklin

1730

• He discovered bifocals, and found that colds could be passed from on another.

Medical students learning

1750

• students attended lectures, did labs, observed patients bedside, and were able to dissect bodies after patients died. This led the students to have a better knowledge and understanding of the causes of illness and death

Joseph Priestley

1755

• discovered the element oxygen. He also found that plants refresh air after it has lost its oxygen which allowed the air to me usable for respiration

Edward Jenner

1796

• discovered a vaccination for smallpox. His discovery led to preventive medication and immunization that are still used in public health to this day

Rene Laennec

1799

• invented the stethoscope. It was first made of wood which made it easier to hear the heart and lungs

19th and 20th Centuries

Period: 1801 to 2000

Ignaz Semmelweis

1860

• he identified the cause of childbed fever after studying the differences between physicians and midwives. He realized the physicians were dissecting bodies before helping give birth, and they didn't wash their hands or change their apron, leading to the spread of disease. Now, washing hands is an acceptable practice

Florence Nightingale

1860

• before Florence nursing was for people who couldn't do anything else. She created a hospital ward, and is the founder of modern nursing. She had a school named after her

Louis Pasteur

1885

• father of microbiology. Discovered tiny microorganisms are everywhere. He found that microorganisms caused disease
• created a vaccine for rabies
• discovered heating milk kills bacteria

Dmitiri Ivanovski

1892

• discovered that microorganisms that can’t be seen using a microscope. These diseases caused by microorganisms that can’t be seen are called viruses.

Joseph Lister

1895

• learned about Pasteur’s discovery about microorganisms causing infection, and used a carbolic acid on wounds to kill the germs that cause the infections
• first physician to use antiseptic in surgery

Ernst von Bergmann

1905

• developed asepsis because he know microorganisms caused infection
• developed a ,ethos to keep an area germ free before and during surgery which was the beginning of asepsis

Robert Koch

1910

• found many disease causing organisms
• developed culture plate method to identify pathogens.
• introduced importance of cleanliness and sanitation to stop the spread of disease

Paul Ehrlich

1912

• discovered the effect medicine had on disease-causing infections, but his treatment was only effective in killing some microorganisms
• his discoveries introduced the use of chemicals to fight disease, after 606 experiments he found a treatment for syphilis

Wilhelmina Roentgen

1920

• discovered x-rays which allowed doctors to see inside the body

Anesthesia

1925

• they used ether, nitrous oxide, and chloroform as an anesthetic. Before they discovered these ways, they used herbs, alcohol, and choking to cause unconsciousness in patients

Sir Alexander Fleming

1928

• found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. This discovery was one of the most important in the twentieth century.

Sigmund Freud

1930

• his discoveries were the basis of psychiatry and psychology
• he discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of our minds and studied the side effects of the unconscious mind on the body.
• led to an understanding of psychosomatic illnesses

Gerard Domagk

1945

• discovered sulfonamide compounds; those compounds were first medications effective in killing bacteria
• “changed the practice of medicine” by killing deadly disease

Jonas Salk

1955

• discovered dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This diseases was strongly feared because it paralyzed thousands of people, and his discovery of the vaccine saved many people

Albert Sabin

1961

Contrast to Salk’s virus, Albert used a live polio virus that was more effective as a vaccine.
- vaccine is still used today

Francis Crick and James Watson

1962

• they discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its double helix. Their model helped explain how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it
• they won a nobel prize for this discovery

Christian Barnard

1968

• performed first successful heart transplant

Ben Carson

1987

• continues to pioneer in separating Siamese twins, and performing hemispherectomies

21st Century

Period: 2001 to 2022

Functional MRI

2002

• made in the late 1990’s early 2000’s, the Functional MRI (fMRI) makes it possible for scientists, doctors, and researchers to virtually “read minds”
• fMRIs allow doctors to see what the brain does. They can track changes in brain cells, oxygen levels, blood circulation, and how neurons function.
• this allows researchers and doctors to assess the brain and spinal cord without having to do invasive procedures or using pain causing drug injections

Targeted Cancer Therapies

2004

• first idea proposed in 1970’s, but was approved in 2004
• chemotherapy and radiation attack both cancerous and healthy cells. With targeted cancer therapies only the cancerous cells are attacked
• these therapies leave the healthy cells alone and will allow for the treatments to be individualized based on an individuals tumor molecular makeup.

Controlling Heart Disease

2010

• within the past 10 years, deaths due to heart disease have dropped significantly. This is due to a genetically engineered tissue, t-PA.
• t-PA busts the blockage that prevents the blood from circulating leading to a person having a heart attack.
• plaque in the blood vessels can then be opened by a stent put into the artery. Then bypass surgery can be performed
• these advancements have brought heart disease related deaths down significantly

Completion of the Human Genome Draft

2013

• first ever draft sequencing the human genome in 2013. This advancement in medical research has already helped develop new ways to treat, cure, or prevent thousands of diseases.
• researches can identify single genes that are causing disease, making them able to create treatments

HIV Treatments

2019

-HIV is a virus that attacks the bodies immune system, and if not treated can lead to AIDS, an immunodeficiency virus
-2013 an HIV drug came out that worked even better than the previous one in 2006
-2017 a huge breakthrough was seen as Juluca was approved and was the first two drug single dose treatment for AIDS patients that already were on an antiretroviral treatment
-2019 a drug treatment for HIV was approved and made it possible for all patients to be on an effective single dose therapy.