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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease Caused by?
They believed that disease was caused by supernatural spirits. -
3600 BCE
Treatments for sick
Tribal doctors would attempt to remove evil spirts by removing part of the cranium. -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today
digitalis from the fox grove plant are given in the pill form. They are used to help treat heart conditions. Quinine found in the bark of the cinchona tree helps relieve muscle spams, control fever, and helps prevent Malaria. Belladonna and atropine are made from the poisonous nightshade plant, and they help relieve muscle spasms but also help in gastrointestinal (GI) pain. Lastly, Morphine is used to help with severe pain. -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Egyptians where the earliest people to keep accurate health records. In the Egyptians culture, priests acted as the physicians. They healed people by giving them medicines, by learning the art of splinting fractures, and by treating disorders by bloodletting with the use of leeches. -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
The Ancient Chinese were the first to use acupuncture therapies. They learned to treat a variety of illness and disease with stone tools. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
The Greeks were the first to study the causes of disease and to determine that illnesses may have natural, rather than spiritual causes. During this time, religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissected. Hippocrates wrote the standard of ethics called the Oath of Hippocrates. This standard is the basis for today’s medical ethics. -
100
Ancient Romans
The Romans brought clean water into their cities by aqueducts, they also built sewers to take out all the waste, and they built public baths with filtering systems. The Romans also were the first to organize medical care. They sent medical equipment and physicians out to war to help wounded soldiers. Romans also kept a room in there house for the ill. Soon after they used public building to care for people. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopped the study of medicine
They believed that life and death was in gods hands. -
700
Treat disease
The primary treatment was prayer, but they sometimes used herbal mixtures as medicines. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Epidemics killed many during this time. The Bubonic Plague killed about 60 million people. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
During this time they built universities and medical schools for research, they searched for new ideas about disease rather than the unquestioning acceptance of disease as the will of God, they dissected bodies for study, and they developed the printing press and published books, allowing for greater access to knowledge and research. -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci studied and recorded the anatomy of the body. -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Gabriele Fallopius discovered the Fallopian tubes. -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat. (Eustachian tube) -
William Harvey
William Harvey was able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart. -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Antonio von Leeuwenhoek Invented the microscope, which established that there is life smaller than the eye can see. -
Apothecaries
Apothecaries started in this time. Apothecaries traded drugs and spices with the east -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin discovered bifocals, and he found out that cold could be passed from person to person. -
Medical students learning
Students attended lectures, and observed patients bedside. If a patient died they dissected the body to learn more about the disease and why they died. -
Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley discovered the element oxygen. He also observed that plants refresh air that has lost its oxygen, making it usable for respiration. -
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox. His discovery led to immunization and preventive medicine in public health -
René Laënnec
René Laënnec invented the stethoscope. -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Ignaz Semmelweis discovered the cause of childbed fever. He discovered that physicians would infect the woman because they wouldn’t wash there hands after they went to the “dead room”. This lead to washing hands becoming a very important part of controlling the spread of infection. -
Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale made school for female nurses and doctors. She made nursing a respectable profession -
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere. He proved that microorganisms cause disease. Before the discovery was made, doctors thought microorganisms were created by disease. Louis also discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria, and he created a vaccine for rabies in 1815. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Dmitri Ivanovski discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen without a microscope. -
Joseph Lister
Joseph Lister learned about Pasteur’s discovery and used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection. He became the first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery. Using an antiseptic helped prevent infection in the incision. -
Ernst von Bergmann
Ernst von Bergmann developed asepsis. This is a method to keep an area germ free before and during surgery. -
Robert Koch
He discovered many disease causing organisms. He developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. He also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation. -
Paul Ehrlich
He discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms. This showed that chemicals hep to fight disease. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
He discovered x-rays. This allowed doctors to see the inside of patients bodies. -
Anesthesia
In the 19th century they discovered the drugs nitrous oxide and chloroform. These drugs have the ability to put people in a deep sleep so they don’t feel pain while getting the procedure done. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. -
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. He determined that the mind and body work together. -
Gerard Domagk
Gerard Domagk discovered sulfonamide compounds. These medications were the first medications effective in killing bacteria. -
Jonas Salk
Jonas Salk discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. -
Albert Sabin
Albert Sabin used a live polio virus vaccine which is more effective than the dead polio vaccine. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its known double helix. -
Christian Barnard
Christian Barnard performed the first successful heart transplant. -
Ben Carson
Ben Carson is a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies. -
Period: to
21st Century
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Advancements pt.1
1.Many advancements such as
telemedicine which can get patients medical information faster.
2. noninvasive surgeries which make very small incisions compared to regular incisions. They are safer and leave less scars than traditional surgeries.
3.Organ Donation has also come along way. There is full face donations available now. -
Advancements pt. 2
4.geriatric medicine is also being advanced. New facilities are being made to meet the needs of the physical, emotional, and mental needs of senior citizens.
5.and the ability to reattach severed limbs. We can now do nerve and blood vessel reattachment.