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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease caused by?
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for the sick
Blood Letting Exorcism Prayer and Devine intervention -
3100 BCE
Medicines stilled used today
Digitalis : foxglove plants that were used to treat heart conditions and to strengthen heart beats
Quinine : a bark that can control fevers, muscle spasms, and malaria
Belladonna and atropine : from nightshade plants to be used in cases to relive muscle spasms and treat gastrointestinal
Morphine : from a poppy plant that helps with treating severe pain -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health Records:
- earliest known people to have accurate records
Who are physicians:
- Priests known to be physicians
How did they heal:
-Medicines, splinting fractures, bloodletting with leaches, blood would pool around and heal the wound. -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of acupuncture:
- Stone Age
- pioneers used this to treat illness and disease -
900 BCE
Ancient Greek
Illness caused by what?
- first studies show that nature was at fault
Dissection
- religious beliefs didn’t allow bodies to be dissected
Hippocrates
- He created notes about the physical appearance of human anatomy and wrote the ethics on medicine use -
100
Ancient Romans
Sanitation systems
- clean water from aqueducts, and sewers for the waste
- public baths
Organization of medical care
- sent medical care out with the armies
Hospital Development
- physicians would house the sick in rooms of their houses
- public building were created for all the sick -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopping of Medicine
- The Huns invaded the Romans
- Only God chose who lived or dies
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700
How they treated disease?
- Primary treatment was with prayer
- God was the healer
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Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
- Bubonic Plague or known as the Black Plague
- 60 million people died
- this would lead to first creating vaccines so these epidemics wouldn’t happen again.
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Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
- new learning started
- Universities and schools were created
- rather nature not god caused these different illnesses
- People accepted the study of dissection
- Inventing the printing press for further knowledge put into books
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Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
- Studied the anatomy of humans
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1550
Gabriele Fallopius
- discovered fallopian tubes of a female
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1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
- Discovered the Eustachian Tube (ear to the throat)
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William Harvey
- understand physiology
- circulation of blood and pumping in the heart
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Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
- invented the microscope
- finding there is more than what meets the eye
- found what causes tooth decay
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Apothecaries
- first kind of pharmacies
- trading drugs with spices from the East
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Period: to
18th century
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Benjamin Franklin
- created bifocals
- found that colds can be passed on from person to person
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Medical students learning
- attended lectures and classes
- watch patients at bedside
- dissect dead bodies to learn the disease process
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Joseph Priestley
- discovered oxygen
- useful for breathing
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Edward Jenner
- vaccination of smallpox
- led to other immunizations
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Rene Laennec
- invented the stethoscope
- hear the heart and lungs for disease
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Period: to
19th and 20th centuries
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Florence Nightingale
- created classes for women to learn medicine
- made women into nurses
- brought more help into the hospitals
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Ignaz Semmelweis
- found what caused childbirth fever
- physicians used to not wash their hand before helping women deliver
- went between the death room and to births
- midwives didn't touch dead bodies
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Louis Pasteur
- father of microbiology
- microorganisms cause disease
- they are not created by disease
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Dmiriti Ivanovski
- virus are caused by microorganisms
- viruses weren’t recognizable until the electron microscope was invented(not by him)
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Joseph Lister
- microorganisms can cause infections
- carbolic acid on wounds
- first to use an antiseptic
- use it during surgery to prevent infections
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Ernst von Bergmann
- invented sterile conditions (asepsis)
- germs cause infections
- beginning of asepsis
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Robert Koch
- discovered disease causing organisms
- Culture plate method
- identify pathogens
- isolated the bacterium in Tuberculosis
- cleanliness in surgical sites
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Paul Ehrlich
- the effect of medicines on microorganisms
- brought the use of chemicals to treat disease
- found a treatment for syphilis
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Wilhelm Roentgen
- Discovered x-ray
- first picture was of his wife’s hand
- allowed doctors to see what was wrong with their patients
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Anesthesia
- used to preform without anesthesia in surgeries
- early doctors used herbs and alcohol
- used to choke patients to unconsciousness
- many died from shock
- nitro oxide, ether, chloroform
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Sir Alexander Fleming
- penicillin killed life threatening bacteria
- it can treat now pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning
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Sigmund Freud
- discovered the unconscious and conscious parts of the brain
- mind and body work together
- studies led to psychology and psychiatry
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Gerard Domagk
- discovered sulfonamide compounds
- started newer medicine by killing off more deadly diseases
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Jonas Salk
- discovered a dead polio virus
- immunity to poliomyelitis
- paralyzed kids and adults
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Albert Sabin
- created a live polio virus vaccine
- used on babies to treat the dreaded disease before it happens
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Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered molecular structure of DNA
How dna replicates itself -
Christian Barnard
- first successful heart transplant
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Ben Carson
- pioneered the surgery to separate conjoined twins
- preforms hemispherectomies surgeries to stop seizures
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Multi drug tuberculosis treatment
- first evidence of treatment in infected patients
- can be treated successfully with many different developing outpatient treatments
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Joan Brugge
- discovered that cancer cells will preform self suicide and apoptosis
- cancer cells can and will die of starvation
- pointed towards killing cancer cells and different strategies
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Blood brain barrier
- after research provided molecular blood brain barriers to help transfer the molecules to cells and vesiculars
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The graying of T cells
- loss of defense in your immune system when you age
- metabolic transfers in mice
- creating a small compound to the T cell
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Coronavirus pandemic
- after millions of deaths vaccinations were made
- many advances in immune system boosts
- studies to help show how viruses can pass through person to person