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3000 BCE
Ancient Egyptian Health Care
Egyptians were the earliest people known to maintain health records. When there was a disease, they called on the gods for help. They believed the body only consisted of blood, tears, air, urine, etc. When there was a clog in the body, they used leeches to "open" the clog. Priests that studied surgery and medicine in temple medicine schools were called physicians.
Average life span- 20-30 years
3000 BC- 300 BC
Why: started or somewhat started the development of healthcare in the world. -
1700 BCE
Ancient Chinese Health Care
Religions prevented people from learning about the body structure. The heart's pace determined the body's condition. They used a variety of medications made up of different herbs, acupuncture, and burn treatments. They believed they had to nourish and cure the body's spirit to treat the body. Also started searching for a medical reason for sickness.
Av. life span= 20-30 years, 1700 BC-220 BC
Why: This shows how there were restrictions and weird beliefs during the development of healthcare. -
1200 BCE
Ancient Greek Health Care
Began modern medical science duties by observing the effects of disease and by observing the human body. Were the first people to believe the illness was because of natural causes. Used herbal treatment, massage therapy, and art therapy, which are things still used today.
Average life span= 25-35 years
1200 BC- 200 BC
Why: People started observing the body closer and made realistic observations. -
753 BCE
Ancient Roman Healthcare
Organized medical care by providing for injured soldiers. The "hospitals" were developed by physicians when caring for people in their homes and were religious and charitable institutions. Started public health and sanitary systems to reduce sickness. Diet, medicine, and exercise = treatment
Av. life span= 25-35 years
Why: They started keeping up with the cleanliness and started learning that it effected if people got sick or not. -
460 BCE
Hippocrates
"Father of Medicine", Hippocrates stressed how important observation, diagnosis, and treatment were. He encouraged having a good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, and exercise to help the body's healing process. Helped to establish the fact that illness wasn't caused by demons/spirits it was natural. Also established was "The Hippocratic Oath," a code of conduct for physicians to follow strict code ethics.
460 BC- 377 BC
Why: He was a significant impact on how people could heal faster and safer. -
400
Dark Ages
Focused on saving the soul, prohibited the study of medicine. Prayers and divine intervention were used to try and treat the sick. Monks/priests were the custodial care for the sick people. Medicine was mainly just herb mixtures.
400-800 AD
Av. life span= 20-30
Why: People started going back into bad habits, and it caused a lot of people to get sick. -
800
Middle Ages Healthcare
Restarted the medical practice of Greeks and Romans. Physicians started to obtain knowledge at medical universities. A pandemic of bubonic plague, and other diseases, smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, etc., were also spread. Arab physicians used their knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology.
800-1400 AD
Average life span= 20-35 years
Why: Although some bad habits were still in use and there was a pandemic, people started growing their knowledge at Medical Universities. -
1350
Renaissance Healthcare
The science of medicine was reborn, which led to the dissection of the body. Dissection allowed a better understanding of physiology/anatomy. The printing press development allowed this and other information to be easily spread to others. This led to the first anatomy and dietetics books.
1350-1650 AD
Average life span= 30-40 years
Why: The knowledge of the body's anatomy was growing through dissection and written information. -
1510
People who influence 16/17th centuries
Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) was a french surgeon who established how-to or a way to bin arteries and stops bleeding. Also improved mending bones and using or replacing bones. He also stopped the use of burning wounds for closing off wounds.
Gabriel Fallopius (1523-1562) learned and described the tympanic membrane in the ear and discovered the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive systems.
Why:These people helped the development of healthcare in the 16/17th centuries and helped grow knowledge -
Healthcare in the 16th and 17th centuries
Blood transfusions through animals were successfully performed. But they still were unknown, the cause of the disease, and many people still died from infections and childbed fever. Early pharmacists, called Aphothecries, made, prescribed, and sold medicine. Scientific societies were made.
1600-1700 centuries
Average life span= 35-45 years old
Why: Shows how the knowledge of how people getting sick wasn't being spread, but people were starting to heal publicly or try to heal it. -
People in 18th century healthcare
Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736)= created the first mercury thermometer.
John Hunter (1728-1793)= was an English surgeon who...
-introduced tube feeding
-established scientific surgical procedures
Dr. Jesse Bennett= performed the first C-section operation in 1794
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)= developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796
Average life span= 40-50 years
Why: These people had significant and essential discoveries and accomplishments that are still used today. -
Florence Nightingale
Florence (1820-1910) was the founder of modern nursing and encouraged productive and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War. She began professional education for nurses also the Nightingale school and home. Her cleanliness decreased patient rates by 2/3, which led to her efforts being used in most medical practices. She produced more than 200 books on nursing.
Why: She had a HUGE impact on modern nursing, and her principles had a vast impact, and some are still used today. -
Clara Barton
Clara is the founder of the American Red Cross, was a volunteer during the war, and provided aid for soldiers. She provided supplies that she delivered to the soldiers. She learned about a treaty that would help sick & wounded soldiers, she had dozens of nations sign it. When the US wouldn't sign it, she campaigned until they would. American red cross was established, and she was its first president.
Why: She was a strong woman who produced something that would last and be very helpful. -
Louis Pasteur
Louis (1822-1895), "Father of Microbiological Sciences and immunology," was the first to prove that microorganism cause disease and created the germ theory. Also, pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria, he learned that heat could kill harmful germs. He created the vaccine for rabies, chicken cholera, and many more. He set standards for sanitation that helped decrease the spread of disease.
Why: The germ theory is still used today and was very helpful in preventing disease. -
19th century healthcare
The Royal College of Surgeons was established in 1800. The first vaccine legislation was enacted, blood transfusion was performed on humans, and humane treatment for mental illness was begun. The first training program for nurses was created, and Florence Nightingale got her formal training.
Why: These events led to bigger events in the future and were essential building blocks for the future. -
20th century healthcare events
-Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered penicillin (1928)
-The Pap test was developed to detect cervical cancer in women (1941)
-In 1953, the first heart-lung machine was used in an open heart surgery
-Conjoined twins, for the first time, were successfully separated (1953)
-First successful kidney transplant in humans was done by Joesph Murray in 1954
Why: These are some examples of significant events done for the first time.
Av. life span= 60-80 years -
Francis Crick and James Watson
They were the people, along with Maurice Wilkins, who discovered the structure of DNA and shared the Nobel Prize for doing so. Crick was a biophysicist and chemist, Waston studied Zoo9logy and Wilkins was a physicist ad molecular biologist. But they all had a strong desire to figure out the structure of DNA.
Why: Their discovery helped promote the learning of molecular genetics and biochemistry. It also just gave an overall better understanding of the body. -
Benjamin Carson
He was a neurosurgeon who was the first successful person to separate conjoined twins. He did many surgeries, including craniofacial reconstructive surgery and surgeries to prevent seizures.
Why: Benjamin performed major surgeries and conducted significant research for new ways relating to his work. This could lead to broader learning of neuroscience. -
21st century Healthcare
Development of disease treatments and body procedures. Things like attempting to clone a human embryo and implanting an artificial heart into a patient. Many significant vaccines and specific medications were developed.
Why: Events during this time helped grow knowledge and treatment of the body.
Av. life span= 75-85 years -
21st century healthcare potentials
This is some possible goals for the future of healthcare:
- Find a way to prevent inherited disease
- Find cures to AIDS, cancer, and heart disease
-Develop methods to slow aging
-Being able to do any sort of organ transplant ( from a kidney to the brain)
Average life span= 90-100+ years
Why: This was added in to show how our healthcare system could be able to achieve high limits on the treatment of anything in the body.