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First School Museums
The first school museum was opened in St. Louis. The museums were units for casual instruction and contained stereographs, slides, films, charts and more. -
Instructional Films
The first catalog of instructional films was published. Public school systems of Rochester, NY, was the first to adopt the films for instructional use. -
Instructional Radio
1920's-1930's was known as the audiovisual instructional movement. -
Television
The first television was presented in London. -
World War II
Training films played an important role in the war. They reduced training time and were more interesting. Overhead projectors were produced during the war to advance the training. -
Media Research
Studies were conducted to identify the features of audio visual material and how they affect learning. -
Instructional Television
During this time there was a large growth in the use of instructional television. The FCC set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes. -
Early Computers
1950-1995: IBM conducted research and designed the computer-assisted instruction in the early 1950's. Computers became widespread in 1980's. in 1993 more than 40% of elementary schools and more than 75% of secondary schools in the U.S. were using computers for instructional purposes -
Sputnik
Soviet Union launched the first orbiting space satellite called Sputnik. This led to the U.S. to invest millions of dollars into improving math and science education in the U.S.. -
Programmed Instruction
From the mid 1950's to the mid 1960's programmed instructional materials started presenting instruction in small steps, require responses to questions, provide feedback and allow for learner self-pacing. There were many trial and error steps to develop programmed instructional models. -
Behavioral Objectives and Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
In 1934 Ralph Tyler wrote "each objective must be defined in terms which clarity the kind of behavior which the course should help to develop.
In the 1950's Benjamin Bloom published a book about the various of types of learning outcomes.
In the 1960's Robert Mager wrote a book on how to teach educators on how to write objectives.
These all lead to the educational objectives. -
Instructional Design Models
Early to mid 1960's, concepts were coming together to form processes for instructional design models. -
Events of Instruction
Gagne described the events of instruction and which ones were crucial for which type of outcome. -
Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne wrote a book called the Conditions of Learning. he described the five domains of learning: verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes and cognitive strategies. -
Formative and Summative Evaluation
In the mid 1960's Scriven came up with the processes of trying out drafts of materials prior to the time they are in their final form. It was called formative when the process was a tryout and revision and called summative when the product was being tested in its final form. -
Cognitive Psychology
In the mid 1980's more questions came about on how the principles of cognitive psychology could be applied in the instructional design process. -
Constructivism
In the 1990's constructivism was a collection of similar views of learning and instruction that gained increasing popularity throughout the decade. Constructivism had an impact on the thoughts and actions of many theorist and practitioners in the instructional design field. -
Internet
Schools had an internet access increase of 50% to 90% in 3 years. -
Krisa's Birthday
