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Horace Man
In 1837, the state of Massachusetts appointed Horace Mann as the first secretary of the State Board of Education where he began a revival of common school education. He is most known as the father of common schools and also teacher training in "normal schools". Man ensured that every child could have access to free public school, they were founded by taxes. -
Normal School
The first public normal school in the United States was founded in Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1839. They were meant to train teacher on how to teach the on the common schools. Women were also allowed attend the normal schools, but most teachers were male since women didn't have the same education opportunities. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Louisiana state had a law called the Separate Car Act, which permitted separate railway cars for African Americans and Caucasians. Although Plessy was only 1/8 African American he was still asked to move to the white railroad. Plessey refused to move and was imprisoned for it. As a result black and whites were equal but they were still separate. -
Brown v. Broad of Education
On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the 14th amendment went against racial segregation in public schools. It declared that all whites schools and all African American school were not fair. Since they were separate but not equal. It allowed schools to have both white and African American. -
Bethel School District #43 v. Fraser (1987)
Students do not have a First Amendment right to make obscene speeches in school. Matthew N. Fraser, a student at Bethel High School, was suspended for three days for delivering an obscene and provocative speech to the student body. In this speech, he nominated his fellow classmate for an elected school office. The Supreme Court held that his free speech rights were not violated -
Civil Rights
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. The act was proposed by president John F. Kennedy, but the bill was signed by Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, following one of the longest debates in Senate history. This bill lead to Brown v. Broad of Education. -
Title IX
Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded educational institutions from discriminating against students or employees based on sex. Almost all schools should provide equal and fair treatment regardless of the persons sex. Thanks to title IX there has been more opportunities for women in sports. Although title IX doesn't required women to get paid the same as men but it does provide them to have equal quality, such as locker rooms, uniforms, etc. -
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (TX, 1973)
Parents of students in a Texas school district argued that the school finance system in Texas, which relied on local property tax for funding beyond that provided by the state, disadvantaged the children whose districts were located in poorer areas. Unlike the state court in Serrano v. Priest, the Supreme Court found that the system did not violate the Equal Protection Clause after determining that the system did not intentionally or substantially discriminate against a class of people -
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was created in 1975.It required that all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal education for children with physical and mental disabilities. Public schools were forced to test handicapped children and create them a fair educational plan. The handicapped children would also be put in different classrooms where they would have recourses that would meet all their standards and all attention would go to them. -
Pyler v. Doe
In 1975, the Texas legislature decided to change its education laws. In which it would withhold state funds for the education of immigrant children. Texas claimed that they needed to do that in order to save resources for those children who were legal. Texas also refused to enroll immigrant children into schools. -
Board of Education of Independent School District #92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls (2002)
Random drug tests of students involved in extracurricular activities do not violate the Fourth Amendment.
In Veronia School District v. Acton (1995), the Supreme Court held that random drug tests of student athletes do not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures. Some schools then began to require drug tests of all students in extracurricular activities. The Supreme Court in Earls upheld this practice. -
No child gets left behind
In 2002 George Bush passed the No child gets left behind act and its very similar to the education of all handclapped act. The no child gets left behind act provide equal education to handicapped children but it also provides equal education to students who speak little to no English. And regardless of their economic status.