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Invention of Pascaline calculator
Pascal-Only performed addition (never worked)
-Invented by Blaise Pascal (mathematician) -
Stepped reckoner invented
Stepped Reckoner-Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
-Completed in 1694
-Could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and calculate square roots
-Parts malfunctioned (ahead of its time) -
Difference Engine proposed
Difference Engine-Invented by Charles Babbage
-Made for Navigation ships (lost at sea)
-Never built but led to Analytical Engine
-Government killed project in 1842 -
Analytical Engine
Analytical Engine-Followed programs on punched cards (still do today) & designed to make decisions based on programs (larger of 2 nums)
-Never built but model for today -
Ada Byron (Countess of Lovelace) reviews Analytical Engine
AdaAda Byron (Countess of Lovelace) – first programmer
-Stated no computer no matter how powerful could ever think which is still true today -
Tabulating Machine Invented
Tabulating Machine-End of 19th Century the Census took 9 years to compile (outdated)
-Used Electricity instead of gears
–General count of population now six weeks
-Invented by Herman Hollerith for 1890 Census
-Hollerith also founded Tabulating Machine Company, which later merged to become IBM -
Atanasoff-Berry computer invented
ABCABC (first electronic computer) used binary number system of 1s and 0s still used today (wasn’t recognized until the 1990s)
-It and ENIAC were the first TRUE computers, instead of glorified calculators
-Invented by physics professor John Atanasoff and grad student Clifford Berry -
Mark 1 invented
HarvardIBM – Used punch cards – but could not make decisions so still calculator (sophisticated) but 51 feet in length and weight 5 tons
-Invented by Howard Aiken at Harvard -
ENIAC
-Made for WWII trajectory of shells but finished after war was over
-Solved problem that team of mathematicians needed three days in twenty seconds!
-30 tons & 1500 sq ft (average home) -
Transistor
-Invented to make computers smaller and less expensive
Speeds up to 10,000 calculations per second -
Grace Murray Hopper used “debug” to remove a moth
Grace Murray Hopper made COBOL
-"debug" still used today -
EDVAC & EDSAC
edvacEniac/ABC still needed pulling, plugging & switch flipping to change instructions
John Von Neumann – Idea of stored program in CPU to control all functions
Program – List of instructions written in a language that the computer understands.
EDVAC & EDSAC (Von Neumann) solved problems with instructions on paper tape
-Entering instructions now in machine language (0s and 1s) to represent switches -
UNIVAC
-Used stored program concept correctly & first computer language (C-10) with first keyboard
Sold to Census Bureau in 1951
Still large and expensive – only large corporations & government could afford
1000 calculations per second -
Machine Language (first generation programming language)
– 0’s & 1’s is the only language that a computer understands (low-level)
Written directly to address hardware
Very complex & tedious -
IBM Model 650
1960s IBM Model 650 – first medium-sized computer
Still expensive--for corporations/government only
Smaller & Cheaper than anything before
Punched cards replaced by magnetic tape -
High-level programming languages
High-level programming languages have English-like instructions (easier to use) but must be compiled (translated to assembly)
Languages include Fortran, COBOL (for Department of Defense), Ada, C, Pascal, Etc.
(date unclear) -
Assembly language
Assembly LanguageAssembly language (also low-level) with names to represent machine language
Must be translated to machine (assembled) -
Integrated Circuits invented
Integrated Circuits (ICs) – Computer Chips
Replaced transistors
Fastest; Millions of calculations per second
Silicon etched with intricate circuits -
IBM System 360
-One of first computers with circuits
Difficulty keeping up with demand
Cheaper so hospitals & universities could afford -
Desktop PC
Input Devices (Takes information in) vs. Output Devices (Sends information out)
CPU (Central Processing Unit) processes data and controls flow of data (heart) & directs all activities of the computer
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) within the CPU for arithmetic and logic/comparisons (brain) -
Microprocessor
Created by Marcian Hoff
Entire CPU on a chip
Made Microcomputers (computer small enough to fit on a desktop) possible -
Altair (first microcomputer)
Mainframe--Large & Expensive ($100,000-millions range)
Large corporations, banks, governments & universities
Usually has ‘dummy’ terminals
Usually requires their own room
IBM System 360 was one of first
A smaller ‘minicomputer’ was also used on a smaller scale
Eventually MICROcomputers became common -
Bill Gates created a BASIC language interpreter
BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) – uses an interpreter so code can be tested as it is written -
Stephen Wozniak & Steven Jobs built Apple computer in their garage
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Bill Gates founded Microsoft
Also developed MS-DOS for PCs and Windows -
IBM-PC
Had spreadsheet, accounting & word processing software (instant success)
Available to all – Compared Porsche $1 -
Osborne 1 Portable Computer invented
Mobile Computing-First mobile computer
-Made mobile computing possible and helped with the invention of the following:
Bluetooth – wireless technology used to allow mobile computer devices to communicate
Mobile computing devices – Notebooks, tablets, handhelds and wearable computers
Smartphone – Most popular & growing -
Fourth-generation languages (4GLs)
Bill GatesObject-oriented programming (OOP) evolved creates modules to use over again
Visual Basic, C++ and Java are OOPs
-More high level than other high-level languages